Indigenous Australian Philosophy Essay

While a variety of factors have shaped the diversity of innate Australian philosophy and prac? ces across the Australian con? nent, one of the substitution characteris? cs of the Aboriginal worldview is the concept of the Dreaming. Outlinesomeofthekeyaspectsofthisbeliefsystemandreectonthisin comparison to your own worldview. THE ideate LAID DOWN THE PATH FOR THE fundamental WAY OF LIFE, AND IT DICTATES THEIR KNOWLEDGE, FAITH, LAW, BEHAVIOUR AND social CUSTOMS. IN AUSTRALIA, in that location ar some(prenominal) diametrical pristine CLANS, for each one uncreated CLAN HAS THEIR OWN INTERPRETATION AND NAME FOR THE aspiration.EVEN now ABORIGINAL sight argon CONNECTED TO THE DREAMING THROUGH THEIR BELIEFS AND RITUALS. WHILST ABORIGINAL SOCIETIES MAY SEEM COMPLICATED TO AN OUTSIDER THIS BEAUTIFUL CULTURE FOSTERS A consciousness OF BELONGING, regard as, HARMONY AND CONSERVATION. THREE ASPECTS OF THE DREAMING ARE THE ANCESTRAL BEINGS, human relationship TO RUWI AND RESPECT O F THE LAWS. THE DREAMING CONSISTED OF ANCESTRAL BEINGS WHO ROSE FROM THE EARTH AND WATER, THEN travelled THE discharge SCULPTING THE EARTH. THE ANCESTRAL BEINGS TOOK ON THE FORMS OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, PLANTS AND EVEN COMBINATIONS OF THESE FORMS.THE ANCESTRAL BEINGS CREATED THE PEOPLE, PLANTS, ANIMALS AND KINSHIPS BETWEEN THESE KEY. MANY OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE LAND offer BE LINKED TO THE ANCESTRAL BEINGS, AND TO THE EVENTS play OUT DURING THE DREAMING PERIOD. THE ANCESTRAL BEINGS CREATED THE LAWS AND A PATH TO BE FOLLOWED FOR approaching GENERATIONS. THESE LAWS moldiness BE FOLLOWED IN ORDER TO ENSURE A difference AND A CONTINUATION OF LIFE AND HARMONY. FURTHERMORE, ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE commit TO THEIR LAND. WATSON EXPLAINS THAT ABORIGINAL PEOPLE DO not SEE THE LAND AS A COMMODITY THAT CAN BE OWNED OR SOLD, P a g e 2.THEY ARE A PART OF THEIR LAND, AND THEIR LAND HAS ITS OWN SPIRIT. ABORIGINAL PEOPLE LIVE A STABLE AND sustainable LIFESTYLE AND ONLY TAKE FOOD THAT IS NEEDED. WHEN FOOD IS TAKEN FROM THE LAND, THEY MUST GIVE THANKS TO THE LAND AS A SIGN OF RESPECT. ABORIGINAL CLANS WERE SEPARATED BY THE DREAMING AND HAVE DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS AND LANGUAGES, SO THEY DO NOT HAVE TO FIGHT FOR LAND OR FOOD. ABORIGINAL RUWI IS MARKED BY GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, WHICH CAN INCLUDE RIVERS, TREES, ROCKS AND PAINTINGS THE PERIMETERS OF THE LAND ARE LEARNT THROUGH SONGS. THE DREAMING LAWS MADE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE CUSTODIANS OF THE LAND.THE LAWS DO NOT NEED TO BE WRITTEN DOWN AS THEY ARE well-read THROUGH THE LIVING OF THE LAWS. ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE GUIDED BY THEIR WAY OF LIFE THROUGH ELDERS, AND KNOWLEDGE PASSED DOWN FROM THE DREAMING. STORIES OF THE DREAMING ARE TAUGHT THROUGH ORAL STORIES, SONG, DANCE, RITUALS AND ART. THESE STORIES PASS ON THE IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE, VALUES AND anticipate BEHAVIOURS. ABORIGINAL CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT THE DREAMING STORIES WHICH ARE APPROPRIATE TOR THEIR AGE. THESE STORIES SOCIALISE CHILDREN ON THE ABORIGINAL WAY OF LIF E.EDWARDSS STATES THAT RELATIONSHIPS ARE as well as DICTATED FROM THE DREAMING, THERE IS A COMPLEX KINSHIP ORDER AMONG ABORIGINAL PEOPLE. THIS ORDER DETERMINES A PERSONS PLACE IN THEIR MOIETY. THIS KINSHIP scheme ALSO DICTATES HOW FAMILY MEMBERS SHOULD BEHAVE TOWARDS OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS, WHICH HELP TO KEEP HARMONY AND AVOID CONFLICT. THE DIFFERENT PLACES WITHIN THE MOIETY ALSO DETERMINE A SUITABLE wedlock PARTNER. FROM A Hesperian CIVILIZATION PERSPECTIVE, I ONLY KNOW MY conterminous FAMILY AND THE ABORIGINAL SYSTEM OF KINSHIP LEAVES ME FEELING THAT I MAY BE LACKING A GREATER SENSE OF SELF AND pattern. YES, I CAN TRACE MY FAMILYS GENEALOGY BACK HUNDREDS OF YEARS.THESE ARE NAMES ON PAPER WITH NO CONNECTION TO ME, AND I FEEL NO chemical bond TO THESE P a g e 3 PEOPLE. THE ABORIGINAL SYSTEM OF KINSHIP FOSTERS A BOND TO EVERYTHING ON THIS LAND, WHICH CREATES A SENSE OF PURPOSE AND BELONGING. ANOTHER IMPORTANT POINT THAT WATSON IDENTIFIES IS THAT THE DREAMING LAW IS ABOUT LOVE, SHARING, RESPECT AND CARING AND THIS IS WHY THE LAND IS CONSERVED AND CARED FOR. I SENSE THAT WESTERN CULTURE NOW SEEMS TO BE BASED ON A fiddling AND SELFISH EXISTENCE. I OBSERVE THAT WESTERN CULTURE IS FUELLED BY GREED, A DESTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DEPLETING OF RESOURCES.I WONDER WHERE WE WOULD BE TODAY IF THE COLONISERS HAD LIVED IN HARMONY AND LEARNT FROM THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ON HOW TO RESPECT AND CONSERVE sort of THAN STEAL AND DEPLETE THE LAND. I FEEL WE MAY HAVE rifle A BETTER SOCIETY FULL OF APPRECIATION AND WARMTH. THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE HAVE A CULTURE THAT BINDS THEM TO THE LAND AND TO EACH OTHER. IT CREATES A SENSE OF PRIDE RESPECT AND ORDER FOR THE WAY THINGS HAVE BEEN, ARE AT THE MOMENT AND WILL BE IN THE FUTURE. EVEN THOUGH THE DREAMING IS INTERPRETED UNIQUELY BY DIFFERENT ABORIGINAL GROUPS, IT HAS CONSERVED THEIR SOCIETIES AND inclined THEM BONDS THAT HAVE LASTED THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

Preparing to Write and Drafting the Paper Essay

When it came to writing every these opuss I gave myself time to signify near the topics and tried to make sure enough I understood them in the lead I sat down to write the essays. I have never really been a strong writer when it came to essays in high shoal it was not an easy task for me. I never had a dear(p) schema when it came to actually writing the papers and putting everything in order.I figured bulge how to stop worrying so much ab egress getting the assignment moed in on time because that would evermore stop me from thinking more some the paper hence it would turn out bad and I would even up getting a bad grade which would make me feel horrible. I figured out that I should worry more slightly the paper and then I would be able to focus on the paper so I would be getting it done on time as well.My strategy for writing a paper requires me write a rough draft, arrogate sometime to reread it and then suit it making sure everything is spelled correctly. according ly making sure all my grammar is correct through out my total paper also, making sure that I have the correct punctuation mark everywhere its needed. Then after typing up everything I go through the paper one last time to make sure there isnt anything I need to add or deplete out which is usually where I see where I need to channelise my sentence structure and add certain works or chance upon sentences to different paragraphs.With this mob its actually been a salutary find out for me when it came to writing papers and trying to get everything done either early or on time. My writing process has improved with pickings this class because I have actually taken time to figure out what Im going to write about when it comes to the subject and I take c atomic number 18 of the assignment in a timely manner.These essays all seem to me that they tail end be say to the same audience and can be returnn with the same enthusiasm because they can be directed to some one in their 20s or 30s because it talks about taking an online courses along with other things along those lines. It would be a name and address that I would defiantly be arouse in because of how the person would talk to us also with the vocabulary they use because it wouldnt be a address that I couldnt understand.When someone is trying to give a speech or write an essay its difficult when your trying to gauge what type of audience when they atomic number 18 giving a speech or when they are writing a essay trying to figure out if they cover all the important points that need to be covered and that is going to give you the best grade you can get with the course your taking either online or in a classroom.When you first start out with a paper you are a itsy-bitsy unsure as to what you are trying to tie together in the very first paper you write but they you figure out what you need for the next correspond papers and it gets a little easier for constructing the paper. Trying to get people interest ed in the subject you are writing or speaking about can be one difficult task because people run away to get bored very easy or they want to learn, about something different not the subject that you are talking about.Papers are what you seem to make them because you can either make them hard or you can make them easy on yourself. If you stress yourself out then you make it more difficult but if you make it easy by trying to take what time your given to make it a sincere paper. Making sure everything is in the right order that you prof result accept it a very big deal because they look for little mistakes and want you to do the best that you can when it come to the well beingness of your grade and your class.When you put it all together and present it to either your professor or your audience it can go either one of both ways grievous or bad. You can always hope it goes good but sometimes you can get some criticism when it comes to what was good and what was bad to your paper o r speech. Just making sure everything is in order and how you want everything to be good.

Palliser analysis

International University Vietnam Bachelor of Commerce Program Assignment covering fire Page Question Companies internationalist for a variety of reasons and in a variety of ways. Discuss a major protrude that a guild will face while internationalisation and how it may manage this challenge. give examples from real companies to illustrate your points. Essay In the world, many companies want to internationalist to expand or find a potential market unless they must face many ripostes, such as red tape, wording and cross culture.This essay will analyze a major issue of lacking control in feel of products ND power of employees of Coca-cola when they internationalization and how the crockeds solved this paradox. According to Bartlett and Shoal model, Coca-Cola chooses global strategies because they need to push down the cost of production and it also becomes a reason why they internationalist. Additionally, Coca-cola entre into China because of three advantages of Dunning mo tive model. Firstly, Coca-Cola has their own pattern and strong spot image, so they keep compete with local companies easily (Lily et al 2013).In addition, Lily et al (2013) states that they also have location advantages of low labor cost, the significant home(prenominal) market and high economic growth of China. Finally, this internationalization advantages is that they have the parallelism with big food federation in China (Lily et al 2013). The problem of lacking control affect mostly to the Coca-cola when they can amend the quality and also manage the employees. Therefore, the plan to expand the market can be influenced and it also can decrease the reputation of the company.The main issue is that it can reduce the sale volumes, so the profit can be fall significantly because China s the potential market with large population. Coca-cola set ab by a decisions to become a FED company to solve the issue and they apply Pascal model and entry mode to entry in to China to under standably show each step they done cautiously which depend on the China situations. For the first step, they export their products to China and then, they sign a franchise contract with a Chinese bottling take time offner in 1979 when Chinese government apply tight regulations (Lily et al & Addax Consulting 2013).Secondly, Lily et al (2013) points out that in 1985, they invest money in a Chinese tauten to make this come a Joint venture firm and in 1993 they built their own subsidiary to become a FED firm when Chinese government had changed their policies to attract more FED. According to the Coca-Cola Company (n. D), the company causeed bottling operations in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia, Philippines and South Africa from 1920 to 1930. COMIC (n. D) claims that two bottling plants were establish in China and the bottles were imported from the plants in Philippines.Coca-Cola depends on these two models to improve their power n term of control quality of product and capacity of employees. From an exporter to become a Joint venture, they can control a part and then, they can control all when they building their own factories. They show clearly their wants for develop in the Chinas market.

Gestures and Non Verbal Theory of Communication Essay

Non literal converse is defined by David Dickson and Owen Hargie as all forms of hu humanness communicating apart from the purely verbal message (p. 76). This means that any form of communication that does non solicit the use of language plunder be considered as non verbal communication that includes body movements which involves the facial expression, body positioning, gestures, and grooming habits (kinesics), verbal messages or nonation of voice (paralanguage), and signs, signals and cues that are seen around.Microsoft Encarta defines communication theory as the forms of human communication, including branches of philology such as semantics as well as telecommunication and early(a) non linguistic forms. The communication experimentation In an article entitled An prove in Two Way converse on Orcinus orca by Dudok Van Heel, C Kaminga , and J. D. VanderToorn, they pointed out an experiment about an onslaught to achieved inter specific communication between human and a se a wolf colossus. This experiment was to find out if an inter-specific communication with a killer goliath is possible.The experiment used acoustical symbols attached to visual object synonymous to auditory stimulus. They used the frequently modulated signals as stimuli which represent two action words urinate and use up. Result of the experiment The result of the experiment seemed to indicate positive responses as VanHeel, Kamminga, and van der Toorn noned that the killer whale became more and more active in the acoustic domain. How ever the authors did not give a concrete result as the experiment seemed to take longer time before it yelled positive result. The Underlying PrinciplesThe underlying principle behind this experiment was the knowledge that odontocetes have impressive brains which could switch the requirement that will en able the animals to communicate at the take aim of language. This is maybe encouraged by the success of inter-specific communication betw een man and dolphins. Using Theory of Ethical Ramification (description). The ethical ramification of utilise theories of communication bear be a positive development brought perhaps by different forces that struggles to assert their own identities in the society compared to the dichotomous relationship. (Sender/receiver) It looked like a wide complex scenario inside a section store that people are free to move as they want. still to some extent, it can also be described as a specific place of destination which had multiple directions leading to the place. One can take short cut or detour, or go straight. thickset / Conclusion Modern communication theories have opened many avenues of not only human to human but human to animals as well. Were not surprised by these theories as it comes out seems so natural. What is interesting is the melodic theme of exploring the potential of communication between human and animals.If this proves to be successful it could bring us life benefit s as we could communicate our minds with those beasts that we are in hazard with the aid of modern communication technology. I would like therefore to pass water this recommendation. I recommend to those in the authority in this matter to do further research on how man can extend communication with other wild beast either by using gesture, verbal, or non verbal communication. That government provides more fund for this undertaking as this can be very beneficial to every human being.Work CitedHargie, Owen and Dickson, David 2004. mean Interpersonal Communication Research, Theory and Practice. Routledge. Heel, Dudok van, Kamminga,C van der Toorn, J. D 1982. An Experiment in Two Communication in Orcinus Orca. Http//OurWorld. compuserve. com/homepage/jaap/Gudrun/comm. _1. hypertext mark-up language Intercultural Technical Communication The Pedagogical Possibilities of Paralogic Hermeneutics. Orange a Student Journal of Technical Communication. http//orangeserver. org/issues/6-4/dais y. html/document Definition of Communication Theory. Microsoft Encarta

Examine the Way Shakespeare Presents the Relationship Between Romeo and Rosaline and Romeo and Juliet in the Early Parts of the Play Essay

Examine the way Shakespeare presents the relationship between Romeo and Rosaline and Romeo and Juliet in the early parts of the play.Introduction* One of the some the virtually tragic go to sleep stories.* Romeo portrayed as the quintessential attack aircraft* Romeo characterised as young man transformed by love (upon adpressed analysis) * This can be seen in Romeos initial interest in Rosaline, which is superficial and passive in comparison to the more complex and officious relationship he develops with Juliet. * Shakespeare employs a diverse use of detailed voice communication and literary techniques to illustrate this carve up 1* Rosaline Romeos obsession. Belief of authenticated love but unrequited (quote) * Hyperbolic language(quote)* Use of oxymorons pass on of mind, turmoil (quote)* Confusion stems from rejection* sleep together is intoxicating, non enjoying his knowledge metaphor (quote) separate 2* Convinced love is madness (quote)* Love has made him sustain himself (quote)* Discovers love is futile Rosaline determined to stay chaste.(quote) * Aesthete side is revealed when describing her, focussing on Rosalines physical beauty and attractiveness. Paragraph 3* armed services language love is a battlefield (quote)* Language relating to death commission on aesthetics/ main theme of play * As if Juliet already knows flock (quote)Paragraph 4* Light mental imagery predominant device characteristic (quote)* Despite Romeos great declarations of love for Rosaline, his feelings are in truth fleeting, as shown by his behaviour when he spies young Juliet. (quote) He is smitten at first sight, * Contrast of light and dark (quote)Paragraph 5* Romeos use of religious imagery comparing meeting Juliet to religiousexperience (quote) * Convinced that one kiss will clear him of his sins (quote) * Religious imagery sees Juliet as a deity or a descendant from enlightenment (quote) more light imagery * Reference to time (quote) implies that Jul iet feels the time is eternal than it is before she next sees Romeo Conclusion* Different language used by Romeo for Rosaline and Juliet * Rosalines darkness opposed to Juliets light (quote) * Loses identity solely like with Rosaline (quote)* Large amount of biblical allusions used* Explanation of fate (quote)* Romeo relationship with Juliet more important than Rosaline instantly forgotten (quote) * Not actually in love but with the concept of love.Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 5 conclusion Out of her favour, where I am in love It is madness, most discreet She will not be hit with cupid arrowAssailing, siege It is the eastbound and Juliet is the sunTwo of the fairest stars in heaven Saints, pilgrim, holy, prayer, shrine Arise fair sun and push down the envious moon O brawling love O loving abhor Tut, I have lost myself, I am not here. This is not Romeo, hes some other where.She is rich in beauty, sole(prenominal) poor. That, when she dies, with bea uty dies her store Beauty in addition rich for use, for earth too dear Thus from my lips by thine sin is purged I know not how to tell thee who I am Feather of leadBright smokeCold fireSick health she hath Dians wit, and, in wholesome proof of chastity well armed My grave is like to be my wedding bed As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear. So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows. Bright angel go messenger of heaven Star crossed lovers take their life Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs I will not fail tis twenty years till then Did my heart love till now?Although, however, to begin with, despite, in addition to this, where as, contradictorily, in conclusion, paradoxically, nevertheless, to nitty-gritty up.This suggests, this demonstrates/portrays, moreover, possibly, doubtless,arguably, indisputably, unquestionably, undeniably, alternatively, conclusively, this signifies, this could represent.On the other hand, likewise, similarly, in the same way, equally, it could be ar gued.Consequently, as a result, therefore, thus, evidently, subsequently, ironically, hence, naturally.

Hawthorne’s Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay

Hawthornes motives for writing The ruddy Letter were to expose putrescence in prude society, religion, and politics. Hawthorne demonstrates both corruption and hypocrisy in Puritan society as the townspeople and plain the Governor wear her embroidery, stock-still banish her and ostracize her as an outcast and a sinner. The town buys her tog for an unknown reason most likely their own curiosity, its beauty, or they just matte sorry for her. This shows the societys inability to hold fast through with their own punishments. They are willing to ostracize her and banish her, precisely still buy her embroidery. However much they chose to wear her embroidery on most articles of clothing, they refused to wear her embroidery on wedding veils as they were created by her sinful hands, showing the relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin (Hawthorne 76). religion played a major role in Hawthornes writing, even though he was not a member of some(prenominal) sacred organiz ation. The religion mentioned in The Scarlet Letter was Puritanism and in his writing he intended to expose the power the Puritans used to control the church and state. For example, in the Massachusetts request Colony, Roger Williams differed with the colonys leaders on the family relationship between church and state. The authorizes in the Bay feared that the foul error emanating from him could mete out and corrupt the entire colony. In October 1635, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony banished him (smithsonianmag.com).Due to the fact that Hawthorne was not a part of any organized religion he was able to criticize religions without the fear of repercussion. Hawthorne besides wanted to expose the corruption in religion when he wrote The Scarlet Letter. In the Custom House he mentioned that he was a populist while the Whigs were in power. Hawthorne also said I had spent ternary yearsin an unnatural state, doing what was really of no advantage nor send to any human being (Hawthorne 40). Here he is saying that because he was a Democrat in a Whig society he felt he couldnt speak up and that it was unnatural.

By close analysis of the language Essay

This poignant monologue from Richard is a series of thoughts which he speaks loud as he ponders on what it to become of him. Richard is a king with extremes of emotion, and so a monologue from him is always full of poetic devices and ornamentation of language, as he conveys his emotions rather than facts. In this case, his violent change of mood leaves his epic and depressed, as he begins to convince him ego that Bolingbroke has usurped his throne once and for all, and Richard prepares to resign himself to each an existence of poverty and shame, or an untimely and undignified finis.The repetition of the password king emphasises Richards pride of his title, and his bitterness in lo burble it. The word is apply sarcastically as Richard remarks on the king doing what he must, when it should be the king giving orders. The line A gods name, permit it go could hint that Richard is relieved to no longer be king, as let it go could suggest dropping a burden.However, the line is ince rtain as it could also show Richard finding it difficult to let go and move on. The word let in any case however, shows Richards ack presentlyledgement that it is his responsibility to allow his title to be removed, and that the space could be seen as abdication as easily as it could be called usurpation. This is funny however, as Richard is quick to blame others for his inability to rule a rural and keep order.The anaphora used by Richard as he starts some(prenominal) consecutive lines with my, then states what each item will be exchange for, is an effective rhetoric device because it makes his actors line mnemonic, and emphasises how strongly he feels close having to give up everything which belongs to him. Richard is exaggerating his situation in a moment of self-pity, viewing his pessimistic attitude. He believes he is being forced into a proletarian existence. The fact that he does not use the royal we also shows that he is humbled by the situation.However, he is still obsessed by his justly to call certain things his throw he is ever possessive and urgently clinging to what is rightfully his. Richard then proceeds to talk about death and my coarse kingdom for a little expunge, a little, little grave, an obscure grave. This reference shows that Richards view of his situation is utterly negative, and he now believes he is doomed to death as well as believe his throne has been snatched from him. This repetition shows his tendency to exaggerate situations.Not once has his death been suggested in fact, Bolingbroke deliberately makes it clear that his motives in confronting Richard are peaceful, that he is provided there to claim that which rightfully belonged to his father, John of Gaunt. It is Richards view of the situation which turns this scene into an apparent potential confrontation, and it is Richards view which portrays Henry Bolingbroke as a violent and unfair throne usurper and destroyer of Richards life.Richards view of this situation i s entirely distorted, as he is incompetent of sense and reason, letting his emotional instability block out honesty and justice. This habit of blowing matter out of proportion is further revealed by Richards conceit, or exaggerated metaphor, of creating devil graves from his tears wearing outside(a) the earth. This shows Richards view of the situation to be not only super morbid, but also utterly absurd. Yet it is likely that Richard says this in jest, albeit it attention-seeking and self pitying humour.Yet it seems that Richards humour is not even to his cause taste, but instead for the sake of others. Richard says this to make Aumerle laugh, screening the contrast as Aumerle finds humour in Richards over-exaggeration, yet from what Richard has said previously, it seems that he believes his own words. Richard is also bitter and sarcastic in calling Bolingbroke King, showing his firm belief that there is no other possible outcome. The speech is written in blank verse except fo r the last two lines which form a couplet.This adds to the memorability of the speech, and also shows Richards macabre humour. In lines 178-183, Richard makes a classical reference to Phaethon, showing the depth of thought with which he has considered his predicament. The repetition of down conveys his ever-declining outlook, as he is now convinced he has disordered all power. The final couplet, Down court, down king, For night-owls screech where mounting larks should sing shows how wrong Richard sees the situation as. The word shriek is also onomatopoeic and harsh, imparting Richards mental torment.

Battle of Monmouth

June of 1778, command capital of the United States is planning to endeavour General Sir enthalpy Clinton and his troops as they march from Philadelphia to New York. capital letter sent 5,000 custody with Major General Charles lee to attack the British rear guard. Lee is forced to retreat, but Washington is ready for the British with the main army. In the end the both sides had claimed victory. Near Monmouth County Courthouse, the battle was fought on June 28, 1778. The weather was so hot on the day of the battle that many soldiers suffered from heat stroke.Many of Washingtons officers favored his plans to attack General Clinton, but Major General Lee was against it. Lee felt that after their alliance with the French, that they shouldnt attack the British unless they have overwhelming superiority. Washington decided to send 4,000 men to attack Clintons rear guard, Lee turned down command of the force. aft(prenominal) Washington raised the amount of men to 5,000, Lee demanded to be wedded command. Lee was given strict orders to hold a meeting to typeset the plan of attack with his officers.During the meeting, Lee told the officers to be alert for orders during the battle or else of planning it out. When they encountered the British, Lee quickly lost control. After this the British go to flank Lees men, when Lee saw this he coherent a retreat. Washington had been bringing the main army up when he saw Lees forces retreating. Washington located Lee and ignore him after not receiving a satisfactory answer as to what had happened. Washington rallied Lees men and held off the British just tenacious enough to set positions in the west. After fighting till quondam(prenominal) in the late afternoon, the British retreated.Washington hoped to pursue but his men were timid from fighting all day in the heat. The Battle of Monmouth was the last major battle fought in the north during the war. After the battle the British had held up in New York and focused on t he southern colonies. Lee pass a court martial to prove his innocence from any faulty doings after the battle. Washington then filed formal charges against Lee, where he was form guilty and suspended. During the Battle a woman who was bringing water to American artillery men is said to of taken over firing for her husband when he had fallen.

Pacific Grove

brain 1 Based on the unions forecasted financial statements, raise the go with flyingly comply with the intrusts requirements? It depends on what you consider chop-chop. If the deadline is to scarcely to name a plan ready by June 30th, 2012 then it looks like they provide come pretty close without implementing any major changes. Just by following their expected future growth plans they give almost tinct the requirements of the bank within 4 years. Using the information provided from their forecasted financials, by 2015 peace-loving orchard testament reach a 55% ratio of touch/bearing debt to total assets and their equity multiplier volition be 2. 7. (See abut 1) Depending on how stringent the bank is this whitethorn no be quick enough of a timeline or progressive enough of a plan. If they destiny these figures cut backed to the required levels by 2012 then pacific plantation essential do something more(prenominal) aggressive constrain stakes bearing debt l evels. The company should explore ways to reduce its need for working uppercase financing. They should catch out if there be ways of improving their supply chain efficiency and forecasting so that they open fire reduce their inventory levels.They should look to talk terms with suppliers to reduce the rate they are ease uping for inventory. Pacific Grove should excessively essay if they can extend the length of their accounts payable. Even if they have to pay a slight price premium, if the rate(APR) is less than what the banks are charging them in interest, it could table service to both save money and reduce their capital needs. They should also hear if they can adjust the credit policy terms with their customers to shorten the enumerate of days before payment.By reducing receivables and increasing payables they should be able to reduce their financing needs from the bank in notes payable and thus pooh-pooh their interest-bearing debt. It is unlikely that even with chan ges in working capital social organisation they will be able to reduce their debt within a year. aggrandisement funds by selling common stock to pay-off some of their interest bearing debt may be necessary in order to quickly comply with the banks requirements. My suggestion however would be to acquire the other company which has come apart debt structure.When the two companies are financial are combined Pacific Groves ratios will be under those required by the bank. Exhibit 1 2. Should the natural goggle box program be produced and sponsored by Pacific Grove gaminess? If yes how the necessary enthronization should be financed? I would say no. At first glance the new investment looks good. The upside of the investment is that it would increase the companys sales, profits, and gold immix above their presently expected levels. Despite this upside it also meaning(a)ly increases the yearly net profit working capital investment.The additional funds needed to pay for additio nal working capital means that the project has negative cash flow for both year 0 and year 1. Pacific Grove would authentically need to borrow or raise a total $2,573,118 to ab initio start and fund the venture before positive project cash flows start. If we are only looking at the financial implications of investing in the company using the expected IRR and NPV we may be fooled into thinking this new television program would be a great investment. Even if our WACC were 20%, we can expect the NPV of the project to be $1,716,414.When we look at discounted payback, however, we see that at a WACC of 20% the project payback period would be a little over 4 years and even the simple payback period is 3 years (see exhibit 2). This demonstrates that there is significant risk that the project investments may not be paid off, in particular if actual performance is worse than expected. The most important incommode shortly facing the company is to reduce its interesting bearing debt so tha t it can continue to receive financing from the bank to support operations and growth.Investing in a project with a payback period of 3 years or longer would not be a wise stopping point as it would initially raise the level of interest bearing debt unless funded by means of the selling of equity. Although there may be some synergies between the television network and Pacific Grove which could help to promote their brand, it may also take away needed focus from their core business and endure to a poorer performance and erosion of its competitive position in the market.Pacific Groves lack of experience and knowledge about producing a television show add to the level of risk of the project. If they were confident that the investment will work the only viable option to raise capital eyepatch not increasing debt would be to sell shares in the company. This may not please current shareholders as they would face dilution in both the take to be of their shares and their percentage of ownership in the company. Exhibit 2 3. Should the company issue new common stock to the external investment group?No, I dont think they should issue the stock. If they decide to issue shares they will lose some percentage of their company tick off. In fact, Peterson and the Founders will go from controlling a total of 32% of the company to only 23. 8% meaning that the investment group would actually have more control of the company than the founders at 25. 6%. (See exhibit3) Although the share price will only drop slightly to $31. 30, the dilution of shares and drop in stock price may displease current shareholders.The market may respond by the nurture selling off of existing shares dropping the stock price more and further hurting the companys financial status. Another caper with issuing the common stock is that although it will provide access to capital which they can use to pay off interest bearing debt If the bank requires the company to lowers its debt levels within the next year and no other banks are willing to lend, then issuing the common stock may be seem like the only viable option to quickly strike the banks lending requirements.I would argue, however, that acquiring High Country flavourer company would be a better choice as it will also resolve the debt issues while also providing other synergies and not menacing the stock price of the company. Exhibit 3 4. Should Pacific Group Spice acquire High Country flavorings? Yes. Acquiring High Country Seasoning would help to do several things. First because of the companys better financial debt structure will improve Pacific Spice Groups general debt structure upon merging.The deal would not require the issuance of debt and would not lower the companys current stock price. The two companies also sound in the same business line. This should help them to become a stronger faker in the market by capturing more market share in the industry. There should be some cost savings because of economies of sc ales and the ability to supplement both companies assets. The only question remaining is whether the purchase price is greater than the estimated value of the company. Exhibit 4 Exhibit 5

Australian Aborigines

Australian natives The Australia primitives culture has always had my attention. From the places they lived to they way they where treated always out(p) me. After reading about their rituals, social organization and settlement patterns for the textbook, they ar a society of throng who are all atomic number 53. The type of chemical attraction they practice is all is cardinal. For example, if an outsider came to their kinfolk individual in the common bulk would classify that outsider as their mother, and a name that is given to that nation members real mother will be given to the outsider. According to Scheper-Hughes, N. n the 1993 article Cephus choice Is natural for human beings to want soulal indecorousness? or is it a peculiarly Hesperian concern? close to conclusions pinched from the indigenous cultures around the world.Among Australian aborigines of the Western Desert, each new several(prenominal) bingle comes into the world circumscribed by ancestral origin myths about Dreamtime which building the world and rigidly define the place of all primaeval heap within it. The myths determine each persons position and the marriage strategies, kinship ties and intimacy alliances that each must pursue in adherence to the sacred geographics and its accompanying moral economy. The Dreaming, wrote William Stanner, determines not only what life is, but in the analogouss of manner what it can be. Life, so to speak, is a ace possibility thing. In this aboriginal society there is no sense of own(prenominal) agency fundamental to western notions of intimacy and democracy. Nor is there any idea of an individual search for person-to-person salvation which Christian missionaries have tried, but normally failed, to communicate. The way Australia Aborigines utilize kinship affects the way they live, act and think. Since there system is all is one they live with the common understanding that they are all under one belief system.This can be compar ed to when somebody in your family marries the person they adopt is now your family. This understanding creates a strong bond between mountain who are not technical blood related. The thought of people with much(prenominal) a bond helps in battles and growth within a society. In my own society the type of kinship seen in the aborigines can be seen with close family and friends. Our society tends to compare when we know the person or someone we trust knows the outside person. However, unlike the aborigines, our society has shown a way of play away what is unfamiliar or unlike them.This brings a crack or weakness in our society beca habit our bonds or circles are not as big because of it. I believe we can learn several things from foragers like the Australia Aborigines to make ourselves stronger. Reference Scheper-Hughes, N. (1993, Cephus choice Is natural for human beings to want in-person liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the indigenou s cultures around the world. New Internationalist, , 11-13. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/200094581? accountid=32521Australian AboriginesAustralian Aborigines The Australia Aborigines culture has always had my attention. From the places they lived to they way they where treated always surprise me. After reading about their rituals, social organization and settlement patterns for the textbook, they are a society of people who are all one. The type of kinship they practice is all is one. For example, if an outsider came to their phratry someone in the tribe would classify that outsider as their mother, and a name that is given to that tribe members real mother will be given to the outsider. According to Scheper-Hughes, N. n the 1993 article Cephus choice Is natural for human beings to want in-person liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the indigenous cultures around the world.Among Australian aborigines of the Western Dese rt, each new person comes into the world circumscribed by ancestral origin myths about Dreamtime which coordinate the world and rigidly define the place of all aboriginal people within it. The myths determine each persons position and the marriage strategies, kinship ties and friendship alliances that each must pursue in adherence to the sacred geographics and its accompanying moral economy. The Dreaming, wrote William Stanner, determines not only what life is, but in any case what it can be. Life, so to speak, is a one possibility thing. In this aboriginal society there is no sense of personal agency fundamental to western notions of liberty and democracy. Nor is there any idea of an individual search for personal salvation which Christian missionaries have tried, but normally failed, to communicate. The way Australia Aborigines use kinship affects the way they live, act and think. Since there system is all is one they live with the common understanding that they are all under one belief system.This can be compared to when someone in your family marries the person they embrace is now your family. This understanding creates a strong bond between people who are not technical blood related. The thought of people with much(prenominal) a bond helps in battles and growth within a society. In my own society the type of kinship seen in the aborigines can be seen with close family and friends. Our society tends to compare when we know the person or someone we trust knows the outside person. However, unlike the aborigines, our society has shown a way of twist away what is unfamiliar or unlike them.This brings a crack or weakness in our society because our bonds or circles are not as big because of it. I believe we can learn several things from foragers like the Australia Aborigines to make ourselves stronger. Reference Scheper-Hughes, N. (1993, Cephus choice Is natural for human beings to want personal liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclu sions drawn from the indigenous cultures around the world. New Internationalist, , 11-13. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/200094581? accountid=32521

Morality and Utilitarianism Essay

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that an run is counterbalance if it produces, or if it tends to produce, the broadest amount of wide-cut for the greatest number of people abnormal by the transaction. Otherwise the action is wrong. This cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility(prenominal) calculation. People in business theory use utility curves to spot the results of various actions, choosing those that maximize whatever it is that they wish to achieve. This utility approach is not extraneous to most people. It is widely use in many forms of habitual decision making and can be applied to virtuousistic issues as well as to strictly business issues.A defense of usefulism as an ethical theory is that it describes what rational people actu completelyy do in making moral decisions. It explicitly formulates for them the procedures they intuitively and spontaneously use in moral reasoning. The theory renders explicit what is implicit in the ordinary moral reason ing and argumentation that we ourselves use Utilitarianism adopts a teleological approach to morals and claims that actions are to be judged by their consequences. According to this view, actions are not superb or bad in themselves. Actions take on moral set only when considered in conjunction with the effects that follow upon them.ACT AND regularize UTILITARIANISM Act utilitarianism holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its detail, is what should be subjected to the utilitarian test. Rule utilitarians hold that utility applies appropriately to classes of actions kinda than to given individual actions. Thus, by looking at the general consequences of breakage contracts in the past, we can determine that breaking contracts is immoral. OBJECTIONS TO UTILITARIANISM One objection claims that utilitarianism is over-the-top because it proposes utility, rather than the Bible or God, as a basis for moral judgments.A second objection frequently brought a gainst utilitarianism is that no one has the clock to calculate all the consequences of an action beforehand. A third objection to utilitarianism is that we cannot fare the full results of any action, nor can we accurately weigh the different kinds of best and evil that result. The calculation is artificial and not practical. APPLYING UTILITARIANISM 1. Accurately state the action to be evaluated. 2. Identify all those who are directly and indirectly bear upon by the action. 3.Consider whether there is some dominant, obvious consideration that carries such importance as to outweigh different considerations. 4. Specify all the disposed(p) good and bad consequences of the action for those directly affected, as far into the forthcoming as appears appropriate, and imaginatively consider various possible outcomes and the likelihood of their occurring. 5. numerate the total good results against the total bad results, considering quantity, duration, propinquity or remoteness, fecun dity, and whiteness for each value (kind of good and kind of bad), and the relative importance of these values.6. keep back out a sympathetic analysis, if necessary, for those indirectly affected, as well as for society as a whole. 7. Sum up all the good and bad consequences. If the action produces more good than bad, the action is morally right if it produces more bad than good, it is morally wrong. 8. Consider, imaginatively, whether there are various alternatives other than simply doing or not doing the action, and carry out a similar analysis for each of the other alternative actions. 9. Compare the results of the various actions.The action that produces the most good (or the least bad, if none produces more good than bad) among those addressable is the morally proper action to perform UTILITARIANISM AND BRIBERY Bribery in business is an interesting kind of action to examine from a utilitarian point of view, because those who engage in bribery frequently justify their actions base on something similar to utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism, far from being a selfish approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluation of consequences. It is a widely usedbut often misusedapproach to moral evaluation.A goodly tool of moral reasoning, it is a technique well worth mastering. end SUMMARIES An Airplane Manufacturing Case An airplane manufacturer has spent a great deal of money developing a new airplane. The company staidly needs cash because it is financially overextended. If it does not get some declamatory orders soon, it will have to close down part of its operation. Doing that will disgorge several thousand workers out of jobs. The president of the company bribes a foreign minister to insure the purchase of the planes, arguing that the good done boilersuit justifies the use of bribery.

The Economic Impact of Major Sports Events: a Review of Ten Events in the Uk

The stinting repair of guinea pig(ip) blows proceedss a review of x casings in the UK Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman Introduction Over repenny long metre there has been a marked contrast mingled with the discussions around the scotch bushel of study rollicks moments in North America on the cardinal hand and intimately of the rest of the world on the some other. In the the States the sports strategies of cities in the USA eat largely been based on infrastructure (stadium) enthronement for solely overlord police squad sports, in bulge outicular, Ameri drop footb wholly, baseball, basketball, and ice hoc come upon.Over the last decade cities mother got offered great and greater incentives for these professional teams to trend from their lively swarm cities by offering to build a upstart stadium to house them. The teams depend upon back and permit the master of ceremonies and competing cities request up the price. They either move to the urban center offering the shell deal or they accept the buffet offer invariably put to them by their living emcees. This normally involves the swarm metropolis building a brand new stadium to re start the existing one which may only be hug drug or ? fteen years old.The result is that at the end of the 1990s there were xxx study stadium construction projects in progress, around one-third of the add up professional sports infrastructure, but over half of all professional teams in the USA have uttered dissatisfaction with their current facilities. Baade (2003) argues that since 1987 approximately 80 per cent of the professional sports facilities in the unify States will have been re patchd or have undergone major(ip) renovation with the new facilities embodying to a greater extent(prenominal) than than $19 zillion in total, and the everyday providing $13. billion, or 71 per cent, of that amount. The use of taxpayers notes to support pro? t-making professio nal sports teams is justi? ed on the hind end that such(prenominal) investment of public money is a worthwhile investment since it is clearly outweighed by the stream of sparing activity that is commitd by having a professional sports team resident in the urban center. Such justi? cations be of x backed up by stinting sham studies that show that the spending of sports tourists in the soldiery urban center more than justi? es such a public subsidy.Crompton (1995, 2001) has dilated that such studies have a great deal been seriously methodologically ? awed, and the real sparing bene? t of such visitant spending is often well be small(a) that speci? ed in such studies. This is The tower get along of the sociological check over 2006. promulgated by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman factly the strip presumptuousness the need for such huge infras tructure investment needed to attract the professional teams.In Europe, however, city sport strategies have saturated more on attracting a series of major sports topics, such as creation or European rubrics, again justi? ed on the stintingal tint generated through waitering such emergences. Whereas m either Ameri brush off sports economists (eg, Baade, 1996 Noll & Zimbalist, 1997 Coates & Humphreys, 1999) now consistently train that studies show no signi? peddle direct economic electrical shock on the innkeeper cities from the recent stadium growths, it is non so evident that European style servering of major sports points is non economically bene? cial to the host cities.This chapter looks at ten major sports aftermaths, all beingness or European financial supports hosted by UK cities over recent years, all of which have been studied by the current authors. The variance from the North Ameri place situation is that these features move around from city to city i n response to bids from potential host cities and in all ten cases did not want speci? c nifty infrastructure investment to be staged but rather were staged in existing facilities. in the first place we look at these eccentrics, however, we brie? y review the writings on the economic importance of major sports events.The biggest by far-off of such events is the summer exceeding Games, in grumpy in the infrastructure investment required to host the event, and the next section is devoted just to that event before the literature relating to all other major sports events is considered. The economic importance of the summer Olympic Games Despite the huge sums of money invested in hosting the summer Olympics, there has neer been an economic electrical shock study of the persona described in this piece of music to assess the economic bene? ts of hosting the event. Kasimati (2003) summarized the potential long-term bene? ts to a city of hosting the summerOlympics impudently c onstructed event facilities and infrastructure, urban revival, enhanced international reputation, increased tourism, improved public welfare, supererogatory employment, and increased inward investment. In practice, however, there is also a possible downside to hosting the event including high construction appeals of betting venues and link up other investments, in particular in transport infrastructure fly-by-night congestion problems displacement of other tourists due to the event and underutilized elite sporting facilities afterward the event which are of little use to the local population.Kasimati (2003) analysed all opposition studies of the summer Olympics from 1984 to 2004 and found, in each case, that the studies were done previous to the Games, were not based on primary data, and were, in general, commissioned by proponents of the Games. He found that the economic impacts were probably to be in? ated since the studies did not scud into account supply-side constrain ts such as investment crowding out, price increases due to resource scarcity, and the displacement of tourists who would have been in the host city had the Olympics not been h days there.Although no proper economic impact study employ 42 The pillar come along of the sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events primary data has ever been carried out for the summer Olympics, Preuss (2004) has produced a drapery(prenominal) analysis of the economics of the summer Olympics for every summer Olympics from Munich 1972 using utility(prenominal) data, and employing a novel data transformation methodology which allows comparisons a stigma the incompatible Olympics.Despite collecting a massive amount of secondary data, Preusss windup on the estimation of the honest economic impact of the summer Olympics is the identical as Kasimatis The economic bene? t of the Games . . . is often over pictured in both(prenominal) publications and economic analyses produced b y or for the OCOG Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games . . . multipliers tend to be too high and the pattern of tourists is estimated too optimistically (Preuss, 2004 290).Preuss, however, does receive approximately(prenominal) strong conclusions from his analysis. He shows, for lesson, that every summer Olympics since 1972 make an operational excess that the OCOG can spend to bene? t both national and international sport. prevalent stories in the mass media relating to massive losses from hosting the Olympics have nothing to do with the Games operational costs and tax revenues. Rather it is to do with the expectant infrastructure investments make by host cities on venues, transport, try-on and telecommunications.These are investments in capital infrastructure that have a life of possibly 50 years or more and yet m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) commentators count the full capital cost against the two to three weeks of the Games themselves. Preuss principals out that in strict economic equipment casualty this is nonsense it is impossible and even wrong to state the boilers suit piece of different Olympics with a single surplus or de? cit. The true outcome is measured in the infrastructural, kindly, political, ecological and sporting impacts a city and agricultural receive from the Games. (Preuss, 2004 26)Estimating the true economic impact of a summer Olympic Games properly and so requires a huge research work out in addition to the other costs associated with the Games. Research needs to survive several years before the Olympics and continue several years after they have ? nished. So far nobody has been willing to fund such research. There is increasing research output, however, relating to other major sporting events. The economic importance of other major sports events The study of stylemark events or mega-events became an measurable domain of the tourism and leisure literature in the 1980s.The economic bene? ts of such events ha ve been the main focus of such literature, although broader based multidisciplinary approaches have been suggested (Hall, 1992 Getz, 1991). inwardly the area of mega-events, sports events have attracted a signi? cant amount of attention. One of the ? rst major studies in this area was the study of the impact of the 1985 Adelaide Grand Prix (Burns, Hatch & Mules, 1986). This was followed by an in-depth study of the 1988 Calgary spend Olympics (Ritchie, 1984 The Editorial Board of the sociological Review 2006 43Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman Ritchie & Aitken, 1984, 1985 Ritchie & Lyons, 1987, 1990 Ritchie & Smith, 1991). Mules and Faulkner (1996) nous out that hosting major sports events is not always an unequivocal economic bene? t to the cities that host them. They emphasize that, in general, scaffolding major sports events often results in the city authorities losing money even though the city itself bene? ts greatly in cost of special spending in the city. They cite the event of the 1994 Brisbane piece Masters Games which cost Brisbane A$2. cardinal to put on but generated a massive A$50. 6 million of additional economic activity in the state parsimony. Mules and Faulkners basic point is that it normally requires the public sector to be bear on in the mathematical function of staging the event and incurring these losses in instal to generate the bene? ts to the local parsimoniousness This ? nancial structure is common to umteen special events, and results in the losses alluded to to a higher place. It seems unlikely that private operators would be willing to take on the running of such events because of their low chance of breaking even let alone turning a pro? t.The causa why governments host such events and lose taxpayers money in the process lies in spillover do or externalities. (Mules & Faulkner, 1996 110) It is not a straightforward job, however, to install a pro? t and loss account for a speci? c event. Major spo rts events require investment in new sports facilities and often this is paid for in part by central government or even international sports bodies. Thus, some of this investment spending represents a elucidate addition to the local economy since the money comes in from outside. Also such facilities remain after the event has ? ished acting as a platform for future activities that can generate additional tourist phthisis (Mules & Faulkner, 1996). increasely, sports events are part of a broader dodging aimed at raising the pro? le of a city and and so success cannot be judged simply on a pro? t and loss basis. Often the attraction of events is coupled to a re-imaging process and, in the case of many cities, is invariably united to strategies of urban regeneration and tourism development (Bianchini & Schengel, 1991 Bramwell, 1995 Loftman & Spirou, 1996 Roche, 1994).Major events if successful have the ability to project a new image and identity for a city. The hosting of major s ports events is often justi? ed by the host city in scathe of long-term economic and social significances, directly or indirectly resulting from the staging of the event (Mules & Faulkner, 1996). These cause are primarily justi? ed in economic terms, by estimating the additional disbursement generated in the local economy as the result of the event, in terms of the bene? ts injected from tourism-related activity and the subsequent re-imaging of the city following the success of the event (Roche, 1992).Cities staging major sports events have a unique opportunity to market themselves to the world. Increasing competition in the midst of broadcasters to secure broadcasting rights to major sports events has led to a massive escalation in fees for such rights which, in turn, means broadcasters give blanket reporting at peak 44 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events times for such events, enhancing the merchandising bene? ts t o the cities that stage them. Methodology The ten events under survey are minute in Table 1.All but one of them, the 2002 gentleman Snooker disdain (which was a contract for the host city, Shef? eld), were studied as part of a UK sportsman funded research project to estimate the economic impact of the events. UK sport is the body responsible in the UK for a worldly concern Class founts platform that supports sports governing bodies in their attempts to bring major sports events to the UK. Financial support is provided from draftsmanship funding for both the bidding process and the staging of the event if the bid is successful.Two of the events studies (the human being incase condescensions in Belfast, and the humankind fractional- marathon Championships in Bristol) were joint contracts with both UK enjoyment and the host cities (ie, Belfast and Bristol). The ten studies featured in this chapter were conducted using essentially the same methodology. This, hence, provi des the added foster of having a dataset in which the events are comparable. It is the results of cross event comparability and the issues arising from such comparisons upon which this chapter isTable 1 Major sports events surveyed in the U. K. form 1997 1997 1997 1998 1999 1999 1999 2001 2001 2002 Event domain Badminton Championships European lowly fisticuffs Championships European minor(postnominal) naiant Championships European mindless short letter Swimming Championships European plant startle Championships orbit Judo Championships humanness indoor(prenominal) upgrade Championships World connoisseur Boxing Championships World Half Marathon Championships World Snooker Championship Abbreviation WBC EJBC EJSC ESCSC ESJC WJC WICC WABC WHM WSC Host urban center Glasgow Birmingham Glasgow Shef? ld Hickstead Birmingham Birmingham Belfast Bristol Shef? eld The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 45 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman primarily concerned. The methodology occupied in the economic impact studies was divided into ten stages, which can be summarized as follows determine the proportion of respondents who live in the host city and those who are from elsewhere Group respondents by their role in the event, eg, spectators, rivalrys, media, of? ials etc usher basic characteristics of visitors, eg, where they live and composition of the party Determine the catchment area fit to local, regional, national or international respondents Quantify the turn of visitors arresting overnight in the host city and the proportion of these making use of technical adaption Quantify how many nights those using commercial accommodation will stay in the host city and what this accommodation is costing per night Quantify for those staying overnight (commercially or otherwise) and day visitors, the daily spend in the host city on six standard cost categories Quantify what good deal have budgeted to spend in the host city and for how many muckle such cost is for Establish the proportion of spate whose main originator for being in the host city is the event Determine if any spectators are combining their visit to an event with a holiday in order to estimate any wider economic impacts.Much of this analysis was undertaken using a standard questionnaire survey to interview see interest groups at an event and the data collected was so analysed using a specialist statistical software package and spreadsheets to calculate the additional expenditure in the host economy. Multipliers It is the direct impact referable to additional expenditure that this research concentrated upon, in order to allow for meaningful comparisons between events. That is to say, the comparisons do not include induced impact derived from the application of multipliers to the additional expenditure calculations. To do so would be to compare host economies rather than speci? c events, as multipliers are speci? c to a given eco nomy. Moreover, the information needed to establish a multiplier for a given local economy is not always readily available.As a result, historically, consultants have used highly adept and ambitious multipliers that are not empirically based and are often borrowed from other sectors (eg, construction), or other economies. This borrowed type of multiplier analysis can be considered only a poor approximation at best and any ? ndings are roughly likely to be erroneous not least because the multiplier is unique to the prevailing local economic conditions and, to reiterate, this type of research is about comparing events and not economies. Most of John Cromptons criticisms of poor methodology in the carrying out of economic impact studies 46 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events of major events are related precisely to the incorrect choice or use of multipliers (see Crompton, 1995, 2001). ResultsAbsolute impact represent 1 det ails the unattackable additional expenditure directly attributable to staging each of the ten events. The some signi? cant economic impact is attributable to the 2002 World Snooker Championship closely followed by the 1997 World Badminton Championships. Both these events took place over a twoweek period and this let outed period for the events did lead to higher economic impact. The World Half Marathon Championships was different from the other events in the sense that it did not take place in a stadium or ? xed seat area and there were no tickets sold for spectators. Consequently the crowd at this event has been estimated in conjunction with the local organizing committee, city authority and the police.This estimate of the outcome of spectators, which has been used to calculate the economic impact, is on the conservative side. In ? ve of the ten events, the additional expenditure generated in the host economies exceeded ? 1. 45 m, which efficacy be termed a major impact. Alt hough the dictatorial majority of the events detailed in interpret 1, however, could be described as major in the sporting calendars of those who unionize the events, closer inspection of the ? gures reveals that it does not follow that a major event in sporting terms necessarily equates with having a major economic impact. For example, although the two swimming events, the 1997 next-to-last Swimming Championships in Glasgow and the European curt turn tail Swimming Championships in Shef? ld, were both European Championships, they made a sexual relationly littler contribution to the economy of the host cities. In a similar manner to the word major, the words world championships do not necessarily mean that there will be a large downstream economic impact. The 1997 World Badminton event generated economic impacts of ? 2. 2 million, whereas the 2001 World Half Marathon and 1999 World Indoor uprise Championship generated more modest impacts of ? 584,000 and ? 398,000 respective ly. Impact per day Although the absolute economic impact attributable to a given event is important in quantifying the overall bene? t that an event might have, it is a somewhat ? wed basis for comparison as the duration of events is invariably different. For example, the World Badminton Championships took place over 14 long time and the World Half Marathon was over wrong one and a half hours. Thus in order to make a standardised comparison of the economic impact attributable to events it is helpful to examine the economic impact per day of competition. The results of this analysis are shown in graph 2. The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 47 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman ?2,500,000 ? 2,265,092 ? 2,221,130 ?2,196,298 ?2,000,000 ?1,943,715 ?1,500,000 ?1,485,141 ?1,000,000 ?583,942 ? 508,920 ? 500,000 ? 397,921 ? 314,513 ? 257,802 2002 World Snooker 1997 World Badminton 1999 European Show jumping 1999 World Judo 2001 World 2001 World Half 1997 E uropean 1999 World 1998 European 1997 European connoisseur Boxing Marathon subaltern Boxing Indoor uprise oblivious rails Junior Swimming Swimming Graph 1 economic impact of major sports events. ?700,000 ?600,000 ?583,942 ?500,000 ?485,929 ? 439,260 ?400,000 ?300,000 ?200,000 ?185,643 ? 158,652 ? 133,241 ? 132,640 ? 104,838 ? 64,451 ? cytosine,000 ?56,547 ?- World Half Marathon World Judo European World Amateur World World Snooker World Indoor European European Show Jumping Boxing Badminton Climbing Short Course Junior Swimming Swimming European Junior Boxing Graph 2 Daily economic impact of major sports events. 48 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports eventsIn Graph 2 we see that the events with the highest absolute economic impact, The World Badminton Championships and the World Snooker Championship, are only ? fth and sixth in importance in relation to economic impact per day and it is the World Half Marathon Championship w hich is most important on this measure, where the daily impact and the absolute impact are identical, closely followed by the World Judo Championships and European stadium jumping Championships. Visitor and organisational spend Generating economic impact is not UK gasconades rationale for attracting major events to the UK. As earlierly suggested, however, it is a reusable device by which to justify the funding of an event in economic terms.Therefore in order to be able to forecast economic impact it is essential to understand the components that create economic impact. In broad terms these can be identi? ed as Organizational expenditure, ie, expenditure made directly by the organizers of an event in the locality where the event is victorious place. contention or delegation expenditure, ie, expenditure made directly by those taking part in the event and their support staff in the locality where the event is taking place. Other visitor expenditure ie, expenditure made directly by those people involved with an event other than the organizers and delegations. Other visitor groups include of? cials, media representatives and spectators.In the interest of simplicity the three types of expenditure can be collapsed into two categories, ie, organizational expenditure and visitor expenditure (delegation and other visitor expenditure unite). deem the ten events in the sample, the sex act amounts of expenditure attributable to organizational and visitor expenditure can be seen in Graph 3. Graph 3 indicates that for all except one of the events (the European Junior Boxing Championships), the economic impact attributable to organizational expenditure was a minor part of the total economic impact with a highest percentage score of 26% (World Amateur Boxing Championships) and a lowest percentage score of 0% in the European Junior Swimming (not illustrated). The European Junior Boxing Championships was a comparatively small event which did not attract signi? cant nu mbers of spectators.For the events included in this sample, the vast majority of the economic impact (greater than 80%) was caused by visitors and therefore it is logical to concentrate the subsequent secondary analyses on visitor expenditure. The reason why the majority of events in this research have relatively low levels of organizational expenditure is because they were all events that took place within existing facilities and existing infrastructure. There was no need to build or upgrade existing facilities and therefore virtually all expenditure incurred by organizers was on revenue items necessary for the operational running of the event. The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 49Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman 100% 7% 7% 8% 9% 10% 12% 13% 26% 90% 80% 52% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 48% 20% 10% 0% 93% 93% 92% 91% 90% 88% 87% 74% European Short World Indoor Course Climbing Swimming World Snooker World Judo European Show Jumping World Half World Badminton World Amateur European Junior Marathon Boxing Boxing % Visitor spend % Organisational spend Graph 3 The relative proportions of visitor and organizational spending at major sports events. Visitor expenditure At this point it is worth disaggregating total visitor expenditure into its component parts of spectator, competitor (delegation) expenditure and other visitor expenditure.In 1997 the six events studied were illustrated along a continuum of spectator to competitor and others. Using the results of the ten events studied since 1997, this continuum can be upgraded to indicate the composition of visitor expenditure at an event. The revised continuum is shown in Graph 4 and this disaggregates the expenditure of others from that of competitors. From Graph 4 it can be seen that at ? ve of the ten events featured, the majority (at least 51%) of the economic impact can be attributed to spectators and these would be categorized as spectator drive events. By contrast, at the stay events t he economic impact was driven by other groups (principally competitors), in particular at the two swimming events.The Short Course and Junior Swimming events are characterized by having large numbers of competitors staying in commercial accommodation and relatively small numbers of spectators (990 and 640 admissions respectively) most of whom are either the friends or families of the competitors such events are categorized as competitor driven. 50 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events 100% 12% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 9% 0% World Indoor World Snooker European Show European World Judo Climbing Jumping Junior Boxing Spectator World European Short European World Half World Amateur Junior Marathon Boxing Badminton Course Swimming Swimming Other 8% 9% 4% 13% 28% 6% 15% 22% 12% 24% 10% 19% 28% 35% 36% 33% 44% 40% 81% 78% 74% 72% 56% 66% 51% 43% 37% 32% Competitor/DelegationsGraph 4 The continuum between spectators and ot her visitors expenditure. Key determinants of economic impact In order to investigate the relationship between the absolute scale of an economic impact and the number of people who generated it, we now examine economic impact against the total number of spectator admissions as shown in Graph 5. This does not include events which were not staged in stadiums and where the spectator admissions were approximations, as there were no consultation data available (eg, the World Half Marathon). Graph 5 indicates that there is a very high correlation (r = 0. 91) between the number of spectator admissions at an event and the economic impact attributable to that event.Therefore it can be concluded that if economic impact is an important considerateness in determining whether or not to support an event, then the number of spectators is the principal determinant of absolute economic impact. As a consequence of this ? nding it can be concluded that in elite level sport (ie, the type of event lik ely to be supported by UK Sport), competitor driven events are unlikely to generate as much economic impact in absolute terms compared with spectator driven events. It could be argued that if all or most of the spectators go to an event were local people, then the economic impact attributable to that event would be relatively small as there would be only a small net change in the economy ie, most expenditure would be deadweight. In order to investigate this possibility 51 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman ?2,500,000 Correlation coefficient r = 0. 91 Snooker Badminton ? 2,000,000 Show Jumping Judo economic Impact ?1,500,000 Boxing ?1,000,000 ?500,000 Junior Boxing Indoor Climbing Short Course Swimming Junior Swimming ?0 5000 myriad 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Spectator Admissions Graph 5 The relationship between spectator admissions and absolute economic impact. further, we examine the relative proport ions of local to non-local admissions as detailed in Graph 6. According to Graph 6, there was only one font of local admissions exceeding those of non-local people the World Half Marathon Championships.The World Half Marathon had 55% of spectators from the local area. This was a direct result, however, of the Bristol Half Marathon running alongside the elite event, hence there were many people from Bristol supporting family and friends in the mass participation event. Moreover, of the remaining events, the event organizers at the European Show Jumping and the World Amateur Boxing interfered with the market conditions, in that signi? cant numbers of complimentary tickets were passed to local people in order to increase the attendance at the events. Hence it is comely to conclude that the majority of spectators to events come from outside the local area and this therefore con? ms the earlier assertion that absolute economic impact is critically dependent on the number of spectators attending an event a point emphasized still further when one considers that the correlation between non-local admissions and absolute impact while still high (r = 0. 87), is not as high as the correlation using total spectator admissions. The get word points emerging from this initial results section can be summarized as follows The most appropriate way to compare the economic impact attributable to diverse events is on an economic impact per day basis 52 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events 100% 9% 90% 13% 17% 25% 27% 34% 38% 45% 55% 80% 70% 60% 50% 100% 91% 87% 83% 75% 73% 66% 62% 55% 45% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% European Junior World Indoor Swimming 990 Climbing 5,444 World Judo 16,000European Short World Snooker European Junior World Amateur World Badminton European Show World Half Course 33,276 Boxing 1,690 Boxing 18,300 21,702 Jumping 40,000 Marathon 15,000 Swimming 640 Visitors Locals Graph 6 The relative proportions of non-local and local spectators at events. Spectator driven events are likely to have a higher economic impact than competitor driven events The key determinant of total economic impact is the number of spectators attending an event For most major sporting events, visitors from outside the immediate area are likely to account for the majority of admissions. Additional bene? ts The equilibrize plug-in approach to event evaluation This ? nal section may interest event organizers and practitioners, as well as social scienti? analysts, in that it acknowledges that the bene? ts associated with events are far reaching and not merely con? ned to economic impacts. This section uses the Balanced circuit board approach to event evaluation (see Figure 1) developed from lord work at Harvard Business School. Apart from an events economic impact, additional aims and bene? ts might arise in the form of media value linked to reporting at home or internationally. Moreover, linked to such cov erage may be place market bene? ts for key aspects of the host city or area, which could ultimately impact upon tourism by increasing the number of visitors to the area in future as a result of media coverage afforded to an event.Public perceptions of places can also improve as a The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 53 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman scotch Impact Sports Development Event Aims Media & Sponsor Evaluation Place Marketing Effects Figure 1 The Balanced Scorecard approach to evaluating events. result of peoples experiences at major sports events, which in turn might lead to repeat visits as evidenced by qualitative feedback from spectators at some of the events. Furthermore, an immediate bene? t of staging an event might involve some form of sports development impact which could encourage more people to take up a sport being showcased.The long-term effect of any increase in participation could be tracked, although it may be dif? cult to prove causality. To illustrate some of these points, examples are drawn from three events the European Short Course Swimming Championship, World Amateur Boxing and World Half Marathon. Examples of additional bene? ts Apart from revealing an economic impact on Shef? eld of almost ? 315,000, the research into the European Short Course Swimming Championships at the time also audited the public pro? le by analysing the tv coverage of the event. In addition to the UK television coverage the event was also shown crossways Europe in Germany, Finland, Italy and Croatia. auditory modality data and broadcasts were con? med by the Broadcasters Audience Research Board (BARB) and calculations using industry standard methodologies were made relative to Percentage Share The proportion of people watching a given programme expressed as a function of the total number of people watching television at that time. television Rating (TVR) This is the key performance indicator of the size of an audi ence for any given programme. TVR is expressed as the percentage of all the people in a country with access to a television actually watching the programme or programme segment in question. 54 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events Table 2 Television coverage of the European Short Course Swimming Championships Indicator flake of designs Total Duration (Minutes) Cumulative Audience (000s) Highest Share Achieved Highest TVR Achieved UK 6 369 5,451 23. 0% 4. % Other European 12 718 2,522 9. 8% 9. 0% Total 18 1,087 7,973 23. 0% 9. 0% Using the ? ve countries from which the broadcast and audience data were available, the European Short Course Swimming Championships attracted a cumulative audience of 7,973,000 of which 5,451,000 were UK viewing audience as summarized in Table 2. The data has two practical applications For event promoters, in order to acquire a greater appreciation of the commercial value of the event in terms of related advert and sponsorship sales. commercial revenues contribute to the operating costs of an event and hence achieving value for money is the key when advertising and sponsorship sales are being made. For host venues, advertisers and sponsors, who can evaluate the return on their investment. For example, the total value of the Shef? eld urban center Council support of the event was ? 25,000. This can be traded off against the value of the place marketing achieved. Using the data in Table 2, a breaker point of quantitative evaluation of place marketing can be made. A Shef? eld National metropolis of Sport advertising board was on display at pool deck level alongside the advertising board of the main sponsor (Adidas). Using sponsorship industry standard methodology, it is relatively easy to calculate the proportion of the 1,087 broadcast minutes during which the board was on full view promoting the city of Shef? eld.The World Amateur Boxing Championships in Belfast achieved a total cumulative audience of 6. 6 million in the UK, which included 330,000 novel people under the age of 16 (ie, potential for a sports development impact). Across 13 programmes (mainly on BBC2), the event was screened for a total of 551 minutes (9 hours 11 minutes), with live feed and highlights screened to more than 20 countries. The UK viewing ? gures peaked at 2. 06 million with the audience donation at this point being 22%. Based on analyses of the television coverage using specialist sponsorship evaluations, estimates suggested that a major sponsor enjoyed media pictorial matter worth ? 51,014 in the UK alone.Data such as this provides a sound baseline against which sponsors can assess the extent to which they have achieved a return on The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 55 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman their investment. In this instance the sponsor invested ? 63,000 and in return they received exposure that would have cost more than ? 51,000 to purchase in the commercial marketplace, ie, 81% of their total investment. In addition to UK television coverage, broadcasters from other countries also bought the rights to screen the event and and then there would be additional media value obtained for the sponsor from this global exposure.Although the worldwide television exposure was not analysed in this instance, it is possible to access the audience data as demonstrated by the European Short Course Swimming Championships example, or alternatively where this is not possible, sponsorship evaluation companies can apply a rate card based on a ? at rate for 30 seconds of advertising time on a particular channel. A similar methodology can be adopted in order to estimate the place marketing effects associated with television coverage. At the World Half Marathon, Bristol City Council was responsible for underwriting the event and for a signi? cant proportion of the running costs. In return the place marketing bene? ts lin ked to the exposure of the Bristol brand, amounted to a notional ? 2,000 of exposure. In order to maximize any place marketing bene? ts for a particular location, event organizers should consider on the job(p) closely with the host broadcaster in order to ensure the showcasing of key local attractions as the backdrop to human-interest features around the event coverage. Shef? eld City Council used such human interest features (known as postcards) to great effect during a major snooker event in 2002 such that the combined place marketing effects for the city were a notional ? 3. 2 million, ie, the commercial cost of the exposure created by the event, based on the cost/1000 viewers of a 30 second television commercial.Apart from media value and place marketing, the Balanced Scorecard approach also refers to sports development effects and these were analysed during the research at the World Amateur Boxing in Belfast. In the run-up to and during the championships a community developmen t programme with boxer Wayne McCulloch authorize Train with Wayne provided young children and potential future champions with the opportunity to become involved in the sport of boxing. Up to 100 youngsters participated during the televised build up to the Championship. During the event Come and Try It sessions were enhanced by concessionary tickets to the event, school visits and discount packages.Furthermore, discipline for potential young boxers was also strengthened through the participation of 300 local volunteers in the event, training for technical of? cials, time-keepers, judges, medical personnel department and competition managers. This event has therefore left a broad legacy of enhanced skills which maybe used to maintain the impetus provided by the staging of the event. As well as the economic impact attributable to the World Amateur Boxing (? 1. 49 m), the pro? le of Belfast as a city of world-class sport was enhanced through the marketing of the event and the telev isual exposure of the Belfast brand throughout the world. Collectively, the boxing and the previous success of the World Cross Country Championships provided the catalyst to formulate 56 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 The economic impact of major sports events an events strategy for Northern Ireland, designed to help re-image the Province through sport. In summary, given the complex aims and objectives increasingly associated with major sports events, in future more detailed analysis and evaluation will be necessary to settle with the needs of different partners. Adopting a methodology linked to (for example) the Balanced Scorecard could move beyond simple economic impact studies, to include TV, media and sponsorship evaluations as well as sports development, home soil advantage and other legacies. ConclusionsThis chapter has provided a detailed overview of ten economic impact studies undertaken at major sports events, all World or European Championships, in th e UK since 1997. Each study represents a value-for-money appraisal of an event, by quantifying the net change in the host economy that is directly attributable to the event and measurable in cash terms using detailed audit trails. The evidence presented vindicates (in economic terms) the decisions made by UK Sport to use Lottery funding via the World Class Events Programme to attract many of the events. Moreover, the detailed database of event evaluations possessed by UK Sport provides the evidence to inform future strategic decisions relative to the type of events that the UK may consider bidding for in years to come.According to such evidence and in order to maximize potential economic impact, the following should be considered prior to bidding The ability of the event to attract people from outside the host area and thereby reduce the deadweight percentage of those attending Generally the greater the absolute number of spectators the more signi? cant the economic impact and jun ior events are likely to have the smallest impacts as they rarely attract many spectators The economic impact is not necessarily a function of the perspective of an event in world sporting terms The number of days of competition and the availability of local commercial accommodation to allow visitors to extend their dwell times in the host area.Beyond the development of the economic impact model, this chapter has demonstrated how the event evaluations have evolved and should continue to evolve in order to better understand the likely legacies of events long after any medals have been presented. These legacies could be in terms of media value, place marketing effects for the host area, as well as sports development impacts which may stimulate young people to get more involved in sport. The evidence presented above suggests that the European model of attracting major sports events to cities that do not require additional infrastructure investment in order to host the event can gene rate signi? cant economic bene? ts to the host cities. 57 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006 Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli, and Richard Coleman References Baade, R. A. 1996) Professional sports as catalysts for economic development, diary of Urban Affairs 18 (1) 117. Baade, R. A. (2003) Evaluating subsidies for professional sports in the join States and Europe A public sector primer, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 19 (4) 585597. Bianchini, F. & Schengel, H. (1991) Re-imagining the city, in J. Comer and S. Harvey (eds) Enterprise and heritage Crosscurrents of National Culture. London Routledge, 214234. Bramwell, B. (1995) Event tourism in Shef? eld A sustainable approach to urban development? Unpublished paper. Shef? eld Shef? eld Hallam University, Centre for Tourism. Burns, J. P. A. , Hatch, J. H. & Mules, F. J. eds) (1986) The Adelaide Grand Prix The Impact of a Special Event. Adelaide The Centre for southwestward Australian Economic Studies. Coates, D. & Hu mphreys, B. (1999) The growth of sports franchises, stadiums and arenas, ledger of Policy Analysis 18 (4) 601624. Crompton, J. L. (1995) Economic impact analysis of sports facilities and events eleven sources of misapplication, diary of Sport Management 9 (1) 1435. Crompton, J. L. (2001) Public subsidies to professional team sport facilities in the USA, in C. Gratton and I. Henry (eds) Sport in the City The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration. London Routledge, 1534. Getz, D. (1991) Festivals, Special Events, and Tourism.New York Van Nostrand Reinhold. Hall, C. M. (1992) Hallmark Tourist Events Impacts, Management and Planning. London Belhaven Press. Kasimati, E. (2003) Economic aspects and the Summer Olympics a review of related research, International journal of Tourism Research 5 433444. Loftman, P. & Spirou, C. (1996) Sports stadiums and urban regeneration the British and United States Experience. Paper to the conference Tourism and Culture Towards the 21st Centu ry. Durham, folk 1996. Mules, T. & Faulkner, B. (1996) An economic perspective on major events, Tourism Economics 12 (2) pp 107117. Noll, R. & Zimbalist, A. (eds) (1997) Sports, Jobs & Taxes.Washington, DC The Brookings Institution. Preuss, H. (2004) The Economics of Staging the Olympics A Comparison of the Games 19722008. Edward Elgar Cheltenham UK. Ritchie, J. R. B. (1984) Assessing the impact of hallmark event conceptual and research issues, diary of Travel Research 23 (1) 211. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Aitken, C. E. (1984) Assessing the impacts of the 1988 Olympic Winter Games the research program and initial results, Journal of Travel Research 22 (3) 1725. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Aitken, C. E. (1985) OLYMPULSE II evolving resident attitudes towards the 1988 Olympics, Journal of Travel Research 23 (3) 2833. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Lyons, M. M. 1987) OLYMPULSE III/IV a mid term report on resident attitudes concerning the 1988 Olympic Winter Games, Journal of Travel Research 26 (1) 1826. Rit chie, J. R. B. & Lyons, M. M. (1990) OLYMPULSE VI a post-event assessment of resident reaction to the XV Olympic Winter Games, Journal of Travel Research 28 (3) 1423. Ritchie, J. R. B. & Smith, B. H. (1991) The impact of a mega event on host region awareness a longitudinal study, Journal of Travel Research 30 (1) 310. Roche, M. (1992) Mega-event planning and citizenship problems of tenability and democracy in Shef? elds Universiade 1991, Vrijetijd en Samenleving 10 (4) 4767. Roche, M. (1994) Mega-events and urban policy, Annals of Tourism Research 21 (1) 119. 58 The Editorial Board of the Sociological Review 2006

Marc Antony’s Soliloquy: An Analysis

My transformation of the Shakespearian textbook employs many unalike grammatical features to create an effective, moderne rendition of Marc Antonys soliloquy. Features such as nominalisation, paragraphing and abstract noun groups are a few of the features utilise. My transformation is suitable for modern audiences, using two language and people that todays partnership is familiar with. My transformed version of the soliloquy uses many grammatical techniques and features to come it as interesting and grammatically correct as possible, whilst making it a piece of writing that people today are used to discipline and/or hearing.Nominalisation is an important grammatical feature, which allows you to increase the levels of linguistic complexity as the text becomes more abstract, through and through leaving come forth the action of the nominalised verb. dustup like ability, possibly and determination are all examples of nominalisation, and give more center into a designate wit hout needing to make the sentence longer than necessary. Overall, this gives the text as a whole more depth and meaning. The paragraphing used sets out the different ideas being introduced into the text, organising them into different paragraphs where all the ideas flow together.Sentence structures haul together the text, ensuring that ideas flow and it is more interesting for the reader. Using different sentence types, like compound and complex, mixes up the text a bit and reenforcements readers prosecute as they continue to read the text. Obviously, people are more probably to continue to read something if they are interested in it, and I precious my speech to engage readers and listeners. Clause combinations help to set out and organize ideas nicely, using different types of sentences to again create interest.I have used abstract noun groups to involve the listeners in the text, letting them connect with the speech through them using their pre-conceived ideas of what the wor ds mean. Abstract nouns, being things that you cant actually see or touch, means that listeners have to substitute in what their meaning of the word is, therefore making them think nigh the text more. I wanted my speech to make people think, and the use of abstract nouns helps to grasp that. Abstract noun groups such as kind-hearted and generous, strong willed and fair are examples of this.When I first started the modern version, I had in my mind a unmortgaged image of what I wanted it to be like. With using the different techniques and features, I believe Ive reached my idea of what I wanted. One of the hardest things that I was set about with when I started to re-write the soliloquy was who to write about, and whos perspective to write from. aft(prenominal) a lot of thought, I finally decided on Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. I thought that it would be a good fit, for numerous reasons. Both Caesar and Thatcher were moot people.Both had their lovers and their haters, and there was never really an in between. They were both major(ip) political opines of their time, and had large effects on their society during their rein. Not provided did I feel they shared many similarities, but Ive eternally been interested in Thatcher. It seems that both Caesar and Thatcher were very strong-willed, and knew exactly what they wanted. In Antonys speech, he was mainly paying tribute to Caesar, and I knew that a figure such as Tony Blair would do the same for Thatcher.Having both speeches set at a funeral made sure that similarities were kept, same as the references to after a person dies, the bad is remembered and the good forgotten. Whilst I tried as much as I could to modernise the text, I tried to keep it quite formal. This is obviously because the speech is being performed by an ex-Prime Minister at another ex-Prime Ministers funeral, which is quite the formal occasion. In the Shakespearian version, Antony talks about how Brutus says that Caesar is an honourab le man, but he believes differently.In my version, Blair speaks about how many people often loathed Thatcher. In this, I have both similarities and differences. The language I have used is more modern, employing slang and primarily newer ways of speaking. Overall, Im very happy with my transformation of the Shakespearean text. The different grammatical features used has made the soliloquy very effective. My version is suitable for modern readers, and follows the basic storyline the original soliloquy uses.

The Zimmerman Case

The Zimmerman Case has had its verdict yesterday and I would have scripted then, only I was busy building my thoughts. What I should cover freshman is why the Zimmerman Case is significant. It is non significant because of race, or the right to entertain ones self. In defense mechanism of my federal agency on the race aspect, the media has tried to salute Zimmerman as white, when, in fact he is Hispanic or as my wife is adamant about, Latino. Apparently, you cant travel to Hispanics Hispanics some(prenominal) more and you have to c each them Latino.Ok, sure fine I dont actuallyly care what people necessity to be called it has no bearing to me on the individual other than person-to-person preference. So, if the media is non really sure what race Zimmerman is, the issue of race becomes moot, nevertheless it does show that there are other motivations in doing so as aroundones race is a pretty big behavior of describing an individual to the public. I hazard that this has more to do with the Immigration Issue than race patronage the media is trying to make be seen that way. Showing Latinos as white would go a long way toward naturalizing immigrants in the publics mind.The right to defend ones self, is non an issue either, in that it is a private righteousness to do so. following whateverone does not justify aggression if that person is acting deep down a prescribed and court-ordered af uncontaminating, in this case, as a section of the community watch. They say Martin was just going out for Skittles and some sort of drink and that was all he had on him when he was be followed out of the area by Zimmerman. If he was going out to stick around these items, then why did he have these items on him when he was leaving. This seems suspect to me, except actually has little bearing on the point I am trying to make with this.The issue here isnt if Zimmerman should have been arrested, he should not have. It is also not if Zimmerman had the legal rig ht to shoot and deplete Martin he did. Martin acted as the aggressor and strained Zimmerman in to a sensible battle, and Zimmerman, in reacting to the battle, did no go for the throttle valve first. He utilise the gun after Martin used limb on him (banging his head on to the drop anchor I have had this happen to me and I have had to do it to others The shew is most definitely something that can be used as a weapon). The shot was fired, upwards and in to the front of Martin, therefore, the killing was justified.The only real issue that I had with this was if Zimmerman waited too long, but to that end, I wasnt there and so I have no right to an opinion on the perspicacity concerning the time frame between actual use of the ground as a weapon and the use of a gun. The issue here isnt, as m all people want to believe, if the trial was justified. This should have had an investigation in to the shooting, and of that, there is no question, but it was only to justify if the shootin g was legal or not, not to determine guilt of Zimmerman or Martin which the media seems to have confused, but the real issue here is if it was a fair trial.The concept of jurist is that arbiter be fair and impartial. The Executive Branch of the government represents the justice system at heart the United States. The Executive Branch, when considering the implications of justice, has to see things from all points of catch and recognize the rights of all parties concerned with the verdict, ie the prosecutor and the defendant, while ignoring all unaffected parties even if they feel they are a stakeholder (parents, relatives and friends). The actual verdict has to be fair within a commonsense consideration of peers.Those peers manakin the basis for the jury and the jury is chosen by the quest, therefore controlling, to some degree the legitimacy of the defense as well as the right of the verdict as the intent of the jurors are to put themselves within the mindset of the defense, but from what is considered a reasonable state of mind. The biggest consideration here has to be that the argument must be presented in such a way as though neither race nor gender should have any consideration on the defense at the time of the crime. If that there is, in fact, a finding that race or gender is a factor, considerations should be made.In the argument of self-defense, the first consideration that should be made is was the defense actually in sort of danger and that danger being redness of life or permanent injury. In choosing women, the prosecution was seeking the humanity angle for the minor who died as a result of the action resulting in the trial. The biggest factor that is being ignored with the media is that the jurors had to put themselves in, not the position of Martin, but of Zimmerman and therefore Zimmerman acting within his role of public defender (the corporation Watch, in this case).This reversal of roles from what the public considers as fair is what, ultimately, destroyed the prosecutions case. Arguing the case without considerations of race or gender forced the women to wonder what they would have been forced to do in Zimmermans role within that of public defender. To that end, they had to ask themselves, would they have been afraid and would they have had the responsibility to defend themselves, not necessarily with lethal force, but by any means necessary.That they would not have necessarily put themselves in to that position had no actual bearing on the subject as that personal choice was removed for them, hence impartiality. The factor of this being a fair trial, is decreed by a panel of peers, initially chosen at random, but decided by the very people trying to take the case. That they choose women, become immaterial as the prosecution has its own order of business from that of the defense. The issue with this wasnt if the case was not fair, or that the verdict was unfair as the situation presented, described a reasonabl e justification of fear in the situation of Zimmerman.It showed that an assault with deadly force was committed by the authentication collaborated by witnesses. It showed that the use of deadly force was legal and it showed that Zimmerman showed restraint in using that deadly force by the action of deadly weapon (the ground) putting Zimmermans life in actual danger as well as the fact that Martin did not disengage his supposed assaulter but actually escalated the fight and did not seek to flee.In the end, this was a fair verdict, in that anyone in Zimmermans position would have used deadly force as long as you do not make any considerations toward race or gender, ie, had it been a woman in Zimmermans place, she would have done the same exact thing, but again, this is not the real issue. With this case, the head of the Executive Branch, the head of the justice system within the country, is seeking to show personal bias, and is basing that bias upon race and not reasonable actions wi thin the situation itself as shown by the trial itself.