Pfizer company Analysis Essay

Introduction Pfizer is a pharmaceutical company that is here to help us have a better health. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing new ways to prevent and treat disease and also to improve health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They have medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I will be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important key points about Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place. Exploring the History of Pfizer Two cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with some money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was open in Brooklyn, New York in a section of Williamsburg. This small red brick building serves as everything, the office, warehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic used to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic production of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. â€Å"Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War. The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital drug to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography.† (Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the company doubles its side. It have increase it product line and also add 150 new employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the top producer of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity; like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.  (Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the year, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. But in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erhart’s share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) â€Å"Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the public. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906. The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle drug called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it company’s contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer anim al health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another plant in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey. The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company introduced its first one a day antibiotic called  Vibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medications in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the world’s most valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday. He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and training center on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provide grants to support training and capacity building for HIV/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investment from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer Pfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a public company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program is a complement of its foundation. Its corporate makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health care and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) The foundation have special emphasis in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health care for people in need. The second strategy is to teach individuals about health care and a  way to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Pfizer leadership and Structure This company is made up of the best senior level executive personnel and the best decision-making board member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the Company’s business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009) Corporate Governance Pfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated â€Å"In order to create and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible business principles.† â€Å"And, we must take into account our stakeholders’ interests and be held accountable to them.† As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009) Public Policy Pfizer has a public policy select in its company. That’s a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009) Phrases of Development Pfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much closer to see what method is best for the individual. The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase gather all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009) Programs Pfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programs:  ConnectHIV: The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Science in Schools: The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives to  encourage corporations and individuals to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and technology into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Volunteer Programs (PVP): The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving) Matching Gift: The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)  Global Health Partnerships: Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control: The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer control and encouraging tobacco independence. Pfizer Animal Health Pfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal food producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness. Articles The next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image?† The first article I will summarize is â€Å"Will Pfizer’s giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service available for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day. Other pharmaceutical  industry wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. It’s also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could afford to buy these drugs on their own.

Nursing Socialization Essay

Abstract In this paper you will learn about socialization of nursing and the important role that it plays in staff retention. The goal of business’s that employee nurses are to not only retain staff but to keep them happy and satisfied as well. I have included several examples of how to do this. I have also included examples of the attitudes and values of a well socialized nurse and how this affects not only the nurse herself but her coworkers as well. The importance of a well trained, encouraging preceptor and the role this person plays in staff retention is also discussed. Without the preceptor and her positive role it can be very difficult to retain staff. Employers are constantly looking for new ways to keep staff happy, that is discussed in detail in this paper. New nurse’s often feel overwhelmed and it is the duty of senior nurses to help them feel comfortable and â€Å"part of the family†. Socialization into Nursing Socialization into nursing is a concept that is discussed throughout nursing journals, textbooks, colleges, and amongst nurse’s themselves. It is often discussed in nursing classes and is a concern with each new class of graduates coming out of nursing school in the next phase of their careers. The first year of employment is the most critical for all new graduates. It is exciting and new but can also be intimidating and overwhelming as well. This is a time when new nurses will depend on their senior coworkers more than ever. Socialization to professional nursing is an interactive process that begins in the educational setting and continues throughout one’s nursing career. (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 44) Socialization is defined as the process of making someone ready for a particular societal role. It is described as â€Å"a person acquiring values, skills, behaviors, and norms appropriate to nursing practice†. (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 44) Nurses have to adapt to their changing roles within an organization. Nurses can make choices from a multitude of positions within the nursing profession ranging from jobs at the bedside to research to management. Success is most often achieved when nurses feel competent and are accepted as team members by their colleagues. It is of the utmost importance that the healthcare organization has an organized and effective orientation and preceptor program. It is not only important for the new graduate to be competent, but also to be included amongst the other members of the team. The preceptor should be available to the new nurse to answer questions, guide, and to help the new nurse to integrate herself with the current staff. It is important for the preceptor to be â€Å"nurturing† to the new nurse so they can begin to feel comfortable on the unit (Reising, 2009, p. 22). The preceptor is here to help the new nurse become accepted by others, provide confidence, teach and build confi dence. As a clinical coordinator on a busy oncology unit, I have experienced the difficulty associated with a lack of socialization with new graduate nurses. At times the new nurse feels uncomfortable and excluded. With the new staffing grid (showing a higher patient to nurse ratio) senior staff often feel overwhelmed and â€Å"too busy† to preceptor properly. The preceptor needs to have the time to cultivate and socialize the new nurse into his/her career. If this does not happen the nurse begins to feel unsupported and unwelcome as part of the team. These employees never become included and look for new employment in a short period of time. Socialization can commence with something as simple as checking blood with another nurse or helping the nurse start an IV. It is important for the new nurse to feel that his/her opinion is being heard and matters. All nurses, senior or new, desire to be a valued member of the team. The average new nurse on the Oncology unit is overwhelmed with the demands of caring for a patient that is often in pain, nauseated, needs blood and has numerous other needs. It is important for the new nurse to be supported when learning how to delegate to others. It is vital to the new nurse that the patient care team is ready to assist and offer encouragement. Lack of support can discourage open communication and can cause patient care to suffer. If the work environment does not encourage socialization of the nurse it can lead to high nurse turnover, poor patient outcomes, and excessive cost to the organization to hire and train for vacancies. Retaining new Registered Nurses can be particularly cost effective if preceptor properly and can save an organization from $82,000 to $88,000 per RN (Pellico, Kovner, & Brewer, 2009, para. 3). Socialization is a lifelong process that continues throughout the career of a nurse. As the new nurse progresses they begin to function more independently and reflect upon the changes they feel with their coworkers and preceptor. (Reising, 2009, p. 23) In each different role the socialization of the nurse is a little different. As a bedside nurse, it is important to learn basic tasks and time management, it is vital to focus on patient safety and work as a team member. If the nurse grows and moves up the ranks and assumes a leadership position he/she will try to gain support of peers and subordinates. The nurse leader will work to earn respect and learn to engage employees. Each nurse will be socialized based on his/her present job description. As a nurse for over 5 years now and working at the bedside and as a clinical coordinator I have experienced many different levels of socialization. From the first day of nursing school I reached different milestones that prepared me for the culture in healthcare organizations. Orientation prepared me for the interpersonal relationships I would develop and as I gained experience those relationships strengthened. As I grew into my new profession and tried new roles, I began to use my strengths to excel and my confidence increased. I knew what questions to ask and how to answer questions that were asked of me. I began to feel comfortable in my surrounding and knew who I could count on to help me clinically and to lend support. I pride myself in now offering my knowledge to new nurses, to assisting them in feeling welcome and comfortable. I know that I cannot do what I do every day alone. I need coworkers that are willing to work together and know that it is the responsibility of every nurse to embrace the new nurse and give her the support she needs to love her profession. I also remember what I feared as a new nurse and I hope that I can help alleviate those fears as I take an inexperienced caregiver under my wing. Nobody knows what the future holds for your career as an RN. The new nurse that you may have mentored and taught may be teaching you a thing or two in the future. That is the great thing about nursing. Nurses grow and the profession changes. Always be kind to those that need you because chances are you will need them too! References Creasia, J. L., & Friberg, E. E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations (5th ed.). St. Louis, MI: Elsevier Mosby. Pellico, L. H., Kovner, C. T., & Brewer, C. S. (2009, November 2). Moving On, Up, or Out: Changing Work Needs of New RNs at Different Stages of Their Beginning Nursing Practice. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved from www.nursingworld.org/mainmenucategories/anamarketplace/anaperidocials/OJIN Reising, D. L. (2009). Early Socialization of New Critical Care Nurses. American Journal of Critical Care, 11, 19-26. Retrieved from ajcc.aacnjournals.org

My Personal Management Plan Essay

This plan will help with the discipline aspect of the classroom and helping students know what expectations are when entering into the classroom if done on a consistent basis. In the beginning of the school expectation should be given so that students are aware of the goals that are expected of them collectively and individually. With this classroom management plan there are a few things that should be taken into consideration in order for the plan to be of success. Shown below are a few steps that could be used in the classroom: Step 1, It’s Easier to get Easier, Step 2, Fairness is key, Step 3, Deal with disruption in the classroom as little as possible, Step 4, Avoid confrontation in front of students, Step 5, Stop disruptions with a little humor, Step 6, Keep High Expectation in your Classroom, Step 7, Over plan, Step 8, Be Consistent, Step 9, Make Rules Understandable and Step 10, Start everyday fresh. Having a classroom management plan set in place for your classroom will give students goals to look forward to accomplish with taking their education seriously for their future. My Personal Classroom Management Plan My personal management plan will start off with a motivational quote of the day that will encourage students daily. With this motivational quote daily will be followed along with the ten steps that makes up a successful classroom management plan. The first step is called it’s easier to get easier and this is simply setting the tone of your classroom day one with your students because believe it or not students come in scoping to see what they can and cannot get away with in their classroom. Secondly, fairness is key this is making sure that all students are treated the same overall unconditionally because they pick up on favoritism within the classroom. Thirdly, deal with disruptions with as little interruption as possible. This is saying instead of stopping completely in the middle of your lesson to chastise a student for not paying attention try calling on the student with a question in reference to what the class discussion is to alert them that you do see them off task and this should help them get back on task. Fourthly, it is important to avoid confrontations in front of students even though in some cases you can make your point that way but every disciplinary action should be handled on a personal note so that you don’t lose a chance of teaching that student because of embarrassment. Fifthly, stop disruptions with a little humor. Sometimes classrooms can seem so serious all the time and even though that student may have disturbed the flow of the teaching the class may need that moment of laughter to break the ice for second and then get back on track. Sixthly, keep high expectations in your classroom. Always expect nothing but the best from your students academically. Expect nothing but positive behavior in the classroom. Expect for your students to know that there is a time and place for everything and that they know when to determine that time at the sound of your voice when you start the day off with what the expectations are for the day. Seventhly, over plan each day so that there is no free time for the classroom to go another route in a way that you do not intend for you class to go. There is never too much work on one topic just in case the lesson doesn’t go as long as intended you will always have extra activities. Eighthly, be consistent being consistent is what makes the flow of the classroom go smoothly throughout the day and throughout the school year. As a teacher being strict one day and lenient the next day will cause for your students to lose respect for you and will tend to now try and run over you because they now feel like they can get away with misbehavior. Ninthly, make rules understandable, all rules should be short simple and precised of what is expected and what is not expected of them and consequences should be known ahead of time so that no surprises are made and when inappropriate actions are made they already know what is going to happen to them because of that action. Last but not least, start fresh every day, each day is a new day and should be handled in such a manner no action from the day before should role over into the next day. Me as a Teacher!!! As an educator I see myself as a positive role that students can look up to. As an positive role model I must conduct myself with a positive and respectful attitude. My students will know the importance of giving respect to receive respect and this is something that I go by no matter what the age is everyone deserves respect. I see myself as an educator that is passionate about what it is that I do. I want nothing but the best for my students and want to see each and every one of them prosper in success with their future endeavors. As a teacher I feel that it is my duty to go the extra mile in making sure that they are successful to face society and whatever else that may be put up against. As an educator it is my duty to nurture and love these students as if they were my own being that they are with me majority of the time in a day and five days of the seven days in a week. It is important for me to understand that all students are not coming from positive households and to make the time at school meaningful and worthwhile that there is hope and another look of life than what they may see each day when leaving school. It is my duty to be a responsible leader and educator because I have influential students’ lives in my hand. What’s expected from the Students!!! What I have come to realize is that students/ children like structure. It is important for them to know that they cannot run over their teacher or any adult. Everyday my students will be greeted and at the starting of the class they will be reminded of classroom expectations. Students will be required and held accountable for the following responsibilities: †¢ Self- Control †¢ Positive attitude as a person and in the classroom overall †¢ Saying I CAN’T is not an option †¢ Quitting is not an option when something is challenging †¢ Respect one another as they respect all adults Respect their classroom as their learning academic environment space †¢ Encourage one another!!! Atmosphere of the Classroom!!! It is important to make sure that your classroom is conducive for learning. This is simply having your classroom free of clutter. If the classroom is chaotic with mess and everything is all over the place then nine time out of ten then students and t he classroom will be ran in chaos because the brain is clouded with the unorganized materials that is around the individuals. Classrooms should display the way of learning that students take on. As the leader of your classroom sanctuary it is important that you make sure the atmosphere is positive, welcoming and comfortable for your students. Student Conduct!!! It is important that you get your students to understand the importance of their education, how valuable it is and beneficial for their future. Students must know how to conduct there selves accordingly in how they want others to see them as behaved students. I believe when students are included in making decisions in the classroom that you get a different response from them as a hold. This gives students a responsibility and makes them feel included in how they believe the classroom should be run. This helps to cherish the rules more in the classroom because they feel that they had something to do with the decision made for the rules. It is important to make sure that lessons are exciting to your students so that the lessons keep their attention throughout. Behavior Intervention Strategies!!! Behavioral strategies are very important because all students are not going to behave in a way that you expect for them to behave. In some cases you always have one student that want to see how far they can push you with their behavior. With this plan you can nip it in a bud right away and let them know that their behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated in the classroom. Also, there are positive and negative behaviors that either needs to reprimand or praised for what it is that they have done. Strategies that can be used are as follow: †¢ Rewarding a student when they have followed instructions or done something that was worth bringing attention to so that they know what it is that they you are expecting from them. †¢ Being consistent with consequences when rules are broken. †¢ Be mindful that some students do things because they need that extra attention that they may not be getting at home from their parents. †¢ Always, be ready for change in case the way you intended to correct a situation does not work with this particular student. Introducing the Plan!!! Introducing the classroom management plan to the classroom will simply discuss expectations of them as a group and individually. They will know and understand that our academics will not be taken lightly and should be done to the best of their ability. They know in the beginning that we all will respect one another collectively and no one will be disrespected in the classroom. This plan will be presented at the beginning of the school year to the parents and the students and expectations will start each school day so that students know that I am serious and take what it is that I do serious as well. Overall, having a classroom management plan in place for your classroom will help the day by day and school years go so much smoother. Not only having the plan makes the classroom run smoother but being consistent with what you stand by keeps students in place and in line and have a better success rate. It is important and okay for your students to know that you will do whatever it takes for them to above level but they must do their part as well and that’s with will power, courage and motivation.

On the Origins of Violence (SLP) Module 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On the Origins of Violence (SLP) Module 1 - Essay Example nts such as bars, stores, hotels, movie theatres, museums, art galleries, sport venues, parks, and trails, the area is most under constant security patrols making criminal activity very minimal considering other states or nationwide. The population of the area is 20,774 for males and 23,053 for females based on 2010 population update. With reference to income per household, North Bethesda has a household income of $94,334 compared to the $70,004. Both of these household incomes place the residents as middle class earners with very minimal financial constraints. The national violent crime index is 387, the County of Maryland crime rate is 477, and that of North Bethesda is 204. Further information shows that there is 1 out 61 chances of a North Bethesda resident falling a victim of any type of crime. With this low crime rate, the relationship between violence and the health and/or welfare of the community is almost none existent. However, the fact that Maryland has a higher violent cr ime rate puts the residents of North Bethesda at risk of falling victims when outside their residential vicinity. However, having no confirmed cases so far, the health and welfare of the community is not under direct connection of violent crimes. The total population of North Bethesda is 43,828 as of 2012 and with a population growth rate of 18.11%. The cost of housing in the area is $335,900 for buyers and $1,686 for rentals. However, the living cost of North Bethesda is about 140% compared to the rest of the nation. When compared to Maryland’s crime rate index, North Bethesda has 48% less crime while Maryland is at the same crime rate index as the national index. A quick check of other data shows that North Bethesda is 51.3% safer than other cities within the nations, 67% safer than Maryland, one has 1 chance of being a violent crime victim in every 490 times, and property crime is about 1 chance for every 69 for a North Bethesda. The available resource in North Bethesda used for

Answer the two questions....Strategic planning Essay

Answer the two questions....Strategic planning - Essay Example The decline in rates of repair can be demonstrated in the numbers and the industry is growing smaller and smaller rather than growing globally (Street, 2012). In the past decade, more than four thousand businesses that dealt specifically with repair have had to close their businesses in the US alone with the decline largely affecting service centers that dealt with consumer electronics as more than ten thousand shops have closed or have sought other businesses that are more profitable. The service technicians with an ability to deal with consumer electronics, small appliances and household electronics are becoming more difficult to find and this somewhat restricts the rate at which shops are able to service high-end appliances. If technicians with appropriate training are not available, then the owners of the service shops are not able to remain ahead of their competition or expand their operations globally through attracting the appropriate forms of repair jobs. Without a sufficient number of repair jobs on high-en appliances, the owners of shops cannot be able to afford employing the best and most skilled technicians. In the recent past, most consumers are keen on having their products, which are covered by warranties, repaired at authorized service shops (Bostick & Freese, 2012). Usually, there are businesses which are ran privately while having contracts with the manufacturers of specific products, with the service technicians being trained by the manufacturer s themselves. Every so often, industry associations provide sponsorships for trade shows that provide opportunities for manufacturers to offer seminars so that owners of repair shops and their technician can be certified and re-certified. *.. Analyze the impact of national context as it pertains to the appliance repair industry. Does national context help or hinder these companies in achieving a competitive advantage in the global marketplace? The American market for home appliance has gone through

More Choice Is Desirable To Less Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Practical Life Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Practical Life Activities - Essay Example The same rules stand for child development. Practical life activities provide an integrated approach towards intelligence and movement while depending on logic and will (Montessori, 108a). The very feeling of love and care becomes the guiding path in motivating the will. The result has a very fascinating with children found to be helpful while participating in lunch and snacks preparation; and also keeping themselves busy on the dining table; spreading bread and also adding a bouquet of flowers. The other type of learning that must get into the part of practical activity is that of good manners along with the movement that suits the culture and proper behavior which includes closing the doors quietly, greeting others with smile and not interrupting in a conversation. Practical activities help in developing these etiquettes in a sequence of steps thereby keeping the child aware of orderly living laced with logical activity (Montessori, 201a). The basic Reference Mo

Critically examine changing institutional engagement with the Essay

Critically examine changing institutional engagement with the residential sector in the UK - Essay Example A number of institutions currently engage with the residential service providers due to a number of reasons. This essay seeks to examine critically the changing institutional engagement with the residential sector in the UK. It will look at the reasons for low institutional engagement in the country, the trends in the residential sector, factors facilitating the increased level of institutional engagement in the residential sector and the impact of the increased institutional engagement. Finally, it will draw conclusions from the study results. State of Residential Sector in the United Kingdom Residential sector, defined as the occupied or  unoccupied, owned or rented, single-family or multifamily  housing units, does not include institutional housing (Mullin 2006 p. 227). Among these, include hostels, school dormitories, and hospitals among others. Arimah (2000, p. 2552) points out that compared to the public sector, residential sector scores significantly low in the level of in vestment. Despite people, suffering from high rental costs and poor housing qualities, the much efforts put towards improving the situation appear rather weak. The investment scene in the United Kingdom has typically limited institutional investment compared to other countries such as the United States (Montezuma 2006, p. 884-890). Generally, there are low investment levels in the country despite the existence of capacity to build and high demand for residential houses. Even though it is a large sector, there are special characterizing features for the same. There is low construction of new houses, making the sector highly uncompetitive and less dynamic. The only activity-taking place in the country is the purchase of ex-public housing, as there is low construction of new houses (Montezuma 2006, p. 892-893). Few investors, if any take part in institutional investments, argues Van Daalen & Van Der Land (2008, p. 318). Those who take part in this form of investment in most cases focus on the public sector and corporate investment. Thus, few companies take part in the rental business. The most active company in providing residential housing services to the people in the United Kingdom is the Swiss institutional investment, which mainly focuses on the domestic investments. Compared to countries such as the United States that has a high volume of trade and investment in inter-country residential investment, the United Kingdom has little of such activities. There are hardly any cross-country and pan-European holdings, observes (Montezuma 2006, p. 898). Thus, all investments activities appear rather localized and concentrated in a particular place. In some countries, there is a high level of investment activity taking place, with a high number of investments taking place being extremely significant. On the other hand, some countries in the UK have little or no institutional investment at all. Regulatory framework, arguably the biggest inhibiting factor in the sector for this scenario appears to favour a number of countries unlike others (Andersen 2008, p. 264) Unlike in America where inter-country investment takes place against a backdrop of increased residential investment, here, the level of innovation in the sector is considerably low. The low investment in the sector has contributed to low supply of residential property in the various UK countries. The

Examine the distinguishing features of HRM in Europe Essay - 1

Examine the distinguishing features of HRM in Europe - Essay Example Human Resource Management is an important part of this global trend. Not too many years ago, M.B.A. graduates were simply required to have a basic level of understanding of a single HRM system located within their own country. Today, business leaders must deal with a complex international HRM environment where a company’s personnel practices are often shaped by the culture of the country, the corporate expectations of its citizens and the role that a country’s public sector agencies play in determining private sector outcomes (Briscoe &Schuler, 2008). Much of the literature on HRM in European firms attempts to determine if HRM policies and practices across Western Europe are converging or diverging. Those who support the convergent approach argue that HRM systems in European democratic polities share much in common and that a European model of HRM has emerged particularly since the advent of the European Union. Proponents of the divergent approach contend that Europe is comprised of many different cultures, social and political institutions, languages and economic systems andd that a unitary model of HRM is impossible to achieve even within the context of the EU (Brewster, 2007). This convergent-divergent dichotomy serves as a useful theoretical framework for this paper. Through the examination of the recent literature on international HRM in European businesses, the paper argues that existing HRM practices in Europe tend to be more representative of the divergent end of the HRM policy continuum. It concludes with a discussion of some of the ramifications that a divergent HRM policy environment has for the future of economic prosperity in the European Union. In a 2009 comprehensive analysis of human resource practices in Europe, Mayrhoefer and Brewster developed an empirical model that allows for comparisons of HRM systems and practices within European countries.

The Making of The Modern World Economy Coursework

The Making of The Modern World Economy - Coursework Example Commerce was revived with the expansion of specialization between its countryside’s and towns. Commerce and trade sprung in most parts of Western Europe especially in Venice and the Northern cities. During the time of exploration, the navigators discovered new paths to explore Asia and America. Commerce grew in these nations due to the establishment of financial companies and the merging of companies (Pomeranz, 2011). There was also the difference in coal availability between China and Europe. China had plenty of coal deposits which made it a huge potential to the West. During the industrial period, coke and coal were frequently used in the transportation. Coal was used to fire steam engines which turned out to be both cheaper and efficient in terms of use, as compared to charcoal. Even though China had used coal during the Ming and Song period, China later abandoned its use due to the Chinese industry shifting to the South. The shift caused the deposits to be far away due to the destructions of Jurchen and Mongol. The technological advancements made Europe to succeed in agriculture, trading, fuel and other resources (Pomeranz, 2011). Labor migration from the Chinese led to improved Agricultural systems in Europe. Most of the European land was idle and underdevelopment as compared with the Asian counterparts. Instead of Europe engaging in the expensive improvement of soil fertility, it embarked on the labor productivity. However due to the increased migration of people to the European nations, it caused food shortages. The problem was easily counteracted through the importation of fertilizers and appetite suppressants foods from America (Pomeranz, 2011). Europe’s success can also be contributed by aggressive persuasion of the imperialist and the mercantilist policies through which Europe used the military and protective methods to safeguard its industrialists based in China. The rise of Europe can

The Brand Effect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Brand Effect - Assignment Example All these factors must have congruence or compatibility in order for them to work towards the success of the business. There are five dimensions to a framework of a particular brand. These are sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness (Achouri, Bouslama 2010). The consumer is then able to feel confident about a particular product that meets these qualities. This is because he or she can connect emotionally with the product as well. They will therefore, have to rely on brand equity in order to establish the consumer personality of the product produced by a given company (Punyatoya 2011). According to (Fetscherin, Heinrich 2014), there are four quadrants that determine the attachment of a consumer to a product. In the first, the product is highly functional but a small emotional connection to the consumer. In such a case, the customer invests in the brand functionally. It is not price sensitive. The second quadrant has consumers who have both a high functional and emotional connection to the product. The third quadrant has consumers who both low functional and emotional connections to a product. This means that they are not necessarily loyal to a particular brand. In the fourth quadrant, there are consumers who have a low functional but high connection to the product emotionally. This means that the brand does not possess all the qualities consumer is searching for, but they just use it as it emotionally compensates for missing factors. These factors are studied for a business-marketing manager to come up with the appropriate marketing skills. (Punyatoya 2011) Illustrates that a little investment product will require a strong endorser to attract the attention of customers and convince them more effectively to accept the brand. On the other hand, a high involvement product simply requires a strong argument in order to get a hold of the

Rfid at the Metro Group Essay Example for Free

Rfid at the Metro Group Essay The market is mature and continually seeks innovative ideas to enhance competitive advantage -Highly capital intensive -Low to moderate labor intensiveness -Low margin; high volume – they take advantage of economies of scale -Characterized by high volume holding capacity controlled through Information Technology Company Facts Metro Group was Germany’s biggest retailer (250 stores, 10 warehouses, 100 suppliers) that operates globally in 6 divisions: Metro Cash Carry (wholesale), Retail (hypermarkets), Extra (supermarkets), Media Market and Saturn (consumer electronics), Praktiker (building materials), Galeria Kaufhof (department stores) -Metro Group (hereafter, Metro) is the world’s 3rd-largest retailer -Having the capacity to carry large volumes of inventory and have it adequately controlled and managed by cost efficient Information Technology resources Increased company international expansion overseas -Metro is seeking to improve product accessibility: Having products consumers want in locations consumers can find them easily oReducing shrink in the Supply chain oHaving little to no Out of Stock occurrences -Launched the Future Store Initiative in September 2002 to test different initiative aimed at improving all aspects of the customer experience Competitive Environment -Porter’s Five Forces o Supplier Power- Relatively low; products can be procured from many different places at low price. Products have low differentiation oSubstitutes- High threat with established companies such as Walmart, Tesco, and Carrefour in the same industry. Buyer Power- Moderate level of buyer power. Customers are sensitive to prices, brand names and are willing to investigate substitutes oBarriers to Entry- Relatively high- Metro is rather large and established as well as some of its competitors. Need lots of capital, innovative supply chain management strategy will be need to be able to compete. oRivalry- Moderate to high level of rivalry between the competition. Companies are investigating new way to improve product availability and cut costs Strategic Fit or Alignment -Metro’s supplier have not been implementing RFID as Metro would like i. e. Misplaced, low quality tags are a major issue -Metro’s IT subsidiary has aided in improving fit across the 6 independent sale divisions -There is a lack of fit between employees’ training and the mission of management to implement the RFID -Lack of alignment existent within Metro’s leadership as to whether or not RFID should be applied company-wide as the solvent for Metro’s supply chain issues -Hard Conclusions: Metro should develop an even more strategic relationship with its suppliers so that they are cognizant of how to implement RFID and that they maintain a certain level of quality; Metro should also train its employees on how to apply RFID within their tasks; Metro’s highest management should continue to utilize RFID but should also seek to improve its supply chain in the areas suggested by opponents of RFID RFID Facts -RFID contains at least two parts oIntegrated circuit- storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio frequency and other specialized functions oAntenna- receiving and transmitting the signal Used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management -Limited growth and adoption in enterprise supply chain markets due to advanced technology needed to implement it Metro’s Competitive Strategy -Metro is a leader in supply chain innovation through the use of the RFID system. Metro does not want to sacrifice quality over costs for RFID which: oReduces shrink because of great accuracy in inventory location oImproves on-shelf availability and reduces substitute purchases oReduces out-of-stocks by reducing poor store execution oImproves productivity and labor efficiencies by eliminating manual entries and barcode scanning -Strengths (Metro) oMore economies of scale oGlobal recognition and success Moving in a positive direction with innovative technologies.

Gadolinium-based Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesis

Gadolinium-based Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesis SAMRAT MAZUMDAR Abstract Cancer is by far one of the most challenging diseases for centuries. In the US, it accounts for over a million deaths annually and is expected to rise in the coming future. Therefore, there is vital need to develop novel strategies, which can help in combating the disease at any level. Metallic nanoparticles present an interesting view, which can function as both therapeutic and diagnostic agents due to their unique properties. The main motive of the proposed work is development of gadolinium based magnetic nanoparticles, followed by their surface functionalization which may improve imaging and targeting outcomes. Doped Gadolinium nanoparticles will be prepared by co-precipitation method for optimum magnetic properties. The synthesized particles will be subjected to functionalization with suitable group for specific target in nature for cancer cells. Eventually,  in-vitro  studies will be carried out to validate the hyperthermia effect on cancer cells. 1. Introduction Overview Although, it is difficult to define cancer, but in simple terms, it is a group of related diseases which is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread, mostly due to loss of control in the cell cycle (Pà ©rez-Herrero and Fernà ¡ndez-Medarde, 2015). The most commonly detected cancers are lung cancer, breast cancer and skin cancer, etc. A variety of factors contributes to the disease progression, such as genetic changes, infections and exposure to carcinogens. In general, cancer is detected/diagnosed by various techniques like, blood tests, X-ray imaging, Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and Endoscopy etc. Conventional treatment strategies include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, they possess numerous limitations especially dose-related side effects and toxicity (Brigger et al., 2002). Currently, researchers are looking towards newer approaches which are selective, non-invasive, non-toxic and effective. These efforts are led to the development o f experimental cancer therapies. These not only improves the curing rate but also, act as a supplement to the conventional therapies. However, it is still early to state that these alternatives can completely replace the existing treatment strategies and its effectiveness in clinical settings, are yet to be determined. Alternative approaches include Gene therapy (Vile et al., 2000), Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) (Dougherty et al., 1998), Hyperthermia (Urano, 1999) ,Targeted Nano-medicines (Xu et al., 2015). Recently, a tremendous amount of research is being carried out in the field of hyperthermia due to encouraging results and its potential for significantly lowered toxicity. Hyperthermia â€Å"Hyperthermia† is a very ancient technique which is now regaining popularity in the field of oncology (Seegenschmiedt and Vernon, 1995). It involves the use of heat energy to elevate the temperature inside a tumour tissue and subsequently kill the cancer cells. The desired temperature range for hyperthermia is 42 °-44 °C which is, greater than the physiological temperature (Wust et al., 2002).There is a variety of factors governing the effectiveness of hyperthermia which includes thermal variables, device characteristics, frequency, current and tumour morphology (Valdagni et al., 1988). At temperatures below 41 °C, blood flow increases while tissue oxygenation increases above 41 °C providing a dual effect against tumour. Once temperatures are increased above 42.5 °C-43 °C, the exposure time can be halved for every 1 °C rise to provide a similar heating efficiency however, excessive heating should be avoided. The heating device used for hyperthermia should be versatile, comfortable as well capable of exhibiting uniform heating patterns. The applied frequencies may range from 5-500 KHz (Lacroix et al., 2008) while a current of about 100-800A might be sufficient for heating. Studies suggest that enlarged tumour with poor vasculature might be more susceptible to heat treatment (Kim et al., 1982). Hyperthermia has a radiosensitizing effect which can be advantageous in combination with radiotherapy since most radioresistant cells are heat sensitive. Classification of Hyperthermia Direct heating/Extracellular method Heat is applied by means of external sources such as thermostatic water bath, infrared sauna and ultrasound. This approach is limited by the presence of biological barriers which is responsible for insulation. Therefore, excess heat is required to achieve the same which can trigger side effects (burns, bleeding). Indirect heating/Intracellular method – Provides a safer and effective means through the injection of nanoparticles followed by their internalization (Ningthoujam et al., 2012).Ex. Magnetic hyperthermia. Mechanism of Hyperthermia Primarily, hyperthermia induce apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy through multiple pathways to cells (Hurwitz and Stauffer, 2014). Reports suggest that it can deliver a higher amount of oxygen into the hypoxic tumour region through changes in blood perfusion. Generally, tumour cells express lower concentration of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) in comparison to normal cells. Therefore, HSP-peptide complex levels can be increased significantly by the application of hyperthermia, further leading to anti-tumour immunity response (Kobayashi et al., 2014). Magnetic Hyperthermia In order to prevent damage to surrounding healthy tissues from the hyperthermia effect, nanoparticles should be confined to a defined area (tumour region). These are achieved through targeting of nanoparticles by functionalization and application of magnetic fields to specified regions (Baà ±obre-Là ³pez et al., 2013). Metallic magnetic nanoparticles under the influence of oscillating magnetic field undergo a change in magnetic moment attributed to Neel and Brownian fluctuations. These fluctuations are responsible for heat generation through friction, which might be effective in damaging the cancer cells. Limitations of Magnetic Hyperthermia There are technical problems which may act as a barrier towards effective treatment. The two main aspects include uniform heat distribution and desired target temperature (Brusentsova et al., 2005). Treatment might be a failure in case of insufficient thermal dose .There are no well-defined methods used to evaluate the temperature distribution in the target area but, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used to generate a temperature profile corresponding to hyperthermia. MRI can also be helpful in tracking the release of drug from a formulation (Tashjian et al., 2008). MRI Contrast Agents In the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system, most of the magnetic materials (iron based materials) act as T2 contrast agents which give rise to darkened image/negative contrast. Subsequently, this is mode is useful for tracking purpose. However, there are a few disadvantages which limit their usability in clinical settings. Firstly, the dark images accompanied by low signal intensity may often lead to misdiagnosis and secondly, the large magnetic susceptibility can produce MRI artifacts making it increasingly difficult to determine the exact state of the injury or damage. T1 contrast agents (Gadolinium, Manganese) provide a brighter signal, which can be easily observed in the MRI due to their paramagnetic nature which do not disrupt the magnetic homogeneity (Gallo and Long, 2015). Through nanotechnology, it is also possible to simultaneously carry out imaging and drug delivery further, overcoming the limitations posed by the conventional system. 2. Hypothesis/Rationale The paramagnetic Gadolinium exhibits excellent MRI imaging capabilities which can be exploited for several purposes and possesses high magnetic moment. Due to its limited inter-atomic interactions, it is unable produce hyperthermia. We hypothesize that by modifying the properties of gadolinium, it may serve a dual purpose i.e. hyperthermia and imaging. Furthermore, these particles can be tagged with various targeting moieties or loaded with anti-cancer drugs to increase the effectiveness of the therapy. 3. Objectives On the basis of above background, the objectives are as follows. Synthesis and Optimization of Gadolinium-based ferrite nanoparticles. Surface modification of prepared nanoparticles. Folate conjugation to the modified surface coating. Optimization of hyperthermia Characterization and in-vitro studies 4. Plan of work 4.1 Synthesis and Optimization of Gadolinium-based ferrite nanoparticles Gadolinium based ferrite nanoparticles will be synthesised using suitable mechanisms such as chemical co-precipitation method and optimized. 4.2 Surface modification of prepared nanoparticles Surface modification will be carried out by layer by layer (LBL) synthesis. 4.3 Folate conjugation to the modified surface coating Since most cancer cells overexpress folate receptor, folic acid will be conjugated to nanoparticles through amine functionalization. 4.4 Optimization of hyperthermia The process will be optimized by monitoring the parameters affecting it. 4.5 Characterization and in-vitro studies 4.5.1 Characterization The developed nanoparticle will be characterized by the following techniques. Particle size analysis -Zetasizer. Chemical Composition determination-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Structural and Crystalline analysis- X-ray Diffraction pattern. Surface Morphology-Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy. Magnetic Property Testing- Vibrating Sample Magnetometry. 4.5.2 In vitro studies Cytotoxicity studies – MTT Assay will be performed to assess the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. In-vitro hyperthermia studies with cancer cell lines Cellular uptake studies- Performed using Transmission electron microscopy and Electron Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies. 5. Expected Outcomes The developed nanoparticles might exhibit Improved magnetic hyperthermia in comparison to unmodified gadolinium particle. Target localization may be observed through Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 6. Future Prospects Based on in-vitro results in-vivo studies can be performed in animals. This treatment modality can be combined with Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy for better results. 7. References Baà ±obre-Là ³pez, M., Teijeiro, A. Rivas, J. 2013. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Hyperthermia For Cancer Treatment. Reports Of Practical Oncology Radiotherapy, 18, 397-400. Brigger, I., Dubernet, C. Couvreur, P. 2002. Nanoparticles In Cancer Therapy And Diagnosis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, 631-651. Brusentsova, T. N., Brusentsov, N. A., Kuznetsov, V. D. Nikiforov, V. N. 2005. Synthesis And Investigation Of Magnetic Properties Of Gd-Substituted Mn–Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles As A Potential Low-T C Agent For Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 293, 298-302. Dougherty, T. J., Gomer, C. J., Henderson, B. W., Jori, G., Kessel, D., Korbelik, M., Moan, J. Peng, Q. 1998. Photodynamic Therapy. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, 90, 889-905. Gallo, J. Long, N. J. 2015. Nanoparticulate Mri Contrast Agents. The Chemistry Of Molecular Imaging, 199-224. Hurwitz, M. Stauffer, P. Hyperthermia, Radiation And Chemotherapy: The Role Of Heat In Multidisciplinary Cancer Care. Seminars In Oncology, 2014. Elsevier, 714-729. Kim, J. H., Hahn, E. W. Ahmed, S. A. 1982. Combination Hyperthermia And Radiation Therapy For Malignant Melanoma. Cancer, 50, 478-482. Kobayashi, T., Kakimi, K., Nakayama, E. Jimbow, K. 2014. Antitumor Immunity By Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia. Nanomedicine, 9, 1715-1726. Lacroix, L. M., Carrey, J. Respaud, M. 2008. A Frequency-Adjustable Electromagnet For Hyperthermia Measurements On Magnetic Nanoparticles. Rev Sci Instrum, 79, 093909. Ningthoujam, R., Vatsa, R., Kumar, A., Pandey, B., Banerjee, S. Tyagi, A. 2012. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Concepts, Synthesis And Application In Cancer Hyperthermia. Functionalized Materials, 229-260. Pà ©rez-Herrero, E. Fernà ¡ndez-Medarde, A. 2015. Advanced Targeted Therapies In Cancer: Drug Nanocarriers, The Future Of Chemotherapy. European Journal Of Pharmaceutics And Biopharmaceutics, 93, 52-79. Seegenschmiedt, M. Vernon, C. 1995. A Historical Perspective On Hyperthermia In Oncology. Thermoradiotherapy And Thermochemotherapy. Springer. Tashjian, J. A., Dewhirst, M. W., Needham, D. Viglianti, B. L. 2008. Rationale For And Measurement Of Liposomal Drug Delivery With Hyperthermia Using Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques. International Journal Of Hyperthermia, 24, 79-90. Urano, M. 1999. Invited Review: For The Clinical Application Of Thermochemotherapy Given At Mild Temperatures. International Journal Of Hyperthermia, 15, 79-107. Valdagni, R., Liu, F.-F. Kapp, D. S. 1988. Important Prognostic Factors Influencing Outcome Of Combined Radiation And Hyperthermia. International Journal Of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 15, 959-972. Vile, R., Russell, S. Lemoine, N. 2000. Cancer Gene Therapy: Hard Lessons And New Courses. Gene Therapy, 7, 2-8. Wust, P., Hildebrandt, B., Sreenivasa, G., Rau, B., Gellermann, J., Riess, H., Felix, R. Schlag, P. 2002. Hyperthermia In Combined Treatment Of Cancer. The Lancet Oncology, 3, 487-497. Xu, X., Ho, W., Zhang, X., Bertrand, N. Farokhzad, O. 2015. Cancer Nanomedicine: From Targeted Delivery To Combination Therapy. Trends In Molecular Medicine, 21, 223-232. 8. Requirements Chemicals Instruments

Hollywood Dominance of the Movie Industry

Hollywood Dominance of the Movie Industry There are many contributing factors to how Hollywood became such a dominant business. Most of these factors rely on the history of Hollywood and how the film companies that founded it adapted. Hollywoods dominance stared to grow in 1915. This was when the foundations were laid for studios such as: Paramount, Fox, Universal, MGM and Warners. These companies would form the core of the Studio System from 1930s onwards. During this time Hollywood promoted itself by promoting the war. January 1916, the Hollywood film community made an alliance with Washington, DC to try and raise awareness of the war through film.  Hollywood was able to get involved in the War effort by making films to educate the community, producing entertainment features with patriotic, morale-boosting themes and messages about the American way of life. After World War 1, Hollywood put a structure in place that would dominate for 40 years and more. Influential producers like Adolph Zukor set up vertically integrated companies. He was part of Paramount Pictures of which he served as president until  1936  when he was made chairman. He revolutionized the film industry by organizing production, distribution, and exhibition within a single company. Zukor was also an accomplished director and producer. He retired from Paramount Pictures in  1959. Also after the war, budgets rose 10 times pre-war levels, so Hollywood then became a national industry. During the so-called  Golden Age of Hollywood, which lasted from the late1920s to the late 1950s, thousands of movies were issued from the Hollywood studios. The start of the Golden Age was arguably when  The Jazz Singer  was released in 1927, ending the silent era and increasing box-office profits for films as sound was introduced to feature films. Most Hollywood films stuck closely to this method -  Western, slapstick comedy,  musical,  animated cartoon and biographical picture. After  The Jazz Singer  was released in 1927,  Warner Bros gained huge success and was able to obtain their own army of movie theatres.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  By the 1930s, most Americas theatres were owned by the Big Five studios -  MGM,  Paramount Pictures,  RKO,  Warner Bros and  20th Century Fox.   These Major studios owned 75% of first-run cinemas. The  studio system  was a means of film production and distribution dominant in  Hollywood  from the early 1920s through the 1950s. Some have compared the Hollywood studio system to a factory. Their product output in 1937 surged to over 500 feature films. By the 1980s, this figure dropped to an average of 100 films per year. During the Golden Age, the studios were remarkably consistent and stable enterprises. The rise of the studio system also relied on the treatment of the stars of Hollywood, who were created and exploited by the studio to reflect their image and agenda. Actors and actresses were bound by contracts to one studio for several years, and the studio usually had all of the power. These stars were loaned out to other studios. Studios also had the power to force actors into bad roles and control their image. [Directors were] to make sure the actors hit their marks while the camera was running (Biskind, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls, p.19) However, studio heads realized that they couldnt repeat movie storylines and roles and still make a profit. This resulted in different studio styles as they tried to differentiate themselves from other studios. Falling attendance and the  Paramount  decision broke apart the studio system, depriving the studios of the financial controls that made sure of regular profits, paid the studio overhead, and thereby restructured their factory-based operations. The major studios survived by adapting the system, fundamentally changing the ways they did business and establishing methods (still in use today) that reduced their controls of production. This stopped the system of mass movie production that had occupied Hollywood for decades. Essential to the studios survival was their collective control of distribution, the one aspect of their monopolistic operations not affected by the  Paramount  decision, and their willingness to share control of filmmaking with independent producers, top talent, and talent agencies. Simply stated, the studios became primarily financing-and-distribution entities, reviewing projects that were developed and packaged by the growing ranks of inde pendent producers, then in the event of a green light, leasing their production facilities and providing a portion of the production cost in exchange for the distribution rights-and, frequently, for the eventual ownership of the completed film. The studios themselves began producing fewer, big pictures-biblical epics and big-screen westerns-during the 1950s, precursors of the blockbusters that now rule the industry. The studios shared control of film production not only with independent producers and freelance directors, but also top stars whose marquee value gave them tremendous leverage. And because most filmmaking talent operated freelance by the 1950s, talent agencies like William Morris and MCA (Music Corporation of America) also became a major force in postwar film (and television) production. The major studios initially resisted but soon came to terms with television in the 1950s, selling or leasing their older films to TV syndication companies while revamping their factory-based production operations for telefilm series production. By the 1960s, movies were running nightly on prime time television and the studios were turning out far more hours of telefilm series than feature films. Meanwhile, movie attendance continued to erode, despite rapid population growth, and the studios gambled on high-stakes blockbusters like  Cleopatra  (1963) and  The Sound of Music  (1965) but relied primarily on television to pay the bills. Studio fortunes by the late 1960s were at an all-time low, rendering them prime acquisition targets, and many were swallowed up by large conglomerates like Gulf + Western (Paramount), Transamerica (United Artists), and Kinney Services (Warner Bros.), as well as real estate tycoon Kirk Kerkorian (MGM). The MCA-Universal merger i n 1962 was the first and by far the most successful alliance at the time, due to its savvy integration of film and television operations and its maintenance of at least a semblance of the old studio-based mode of production. After the fall of the studio system and the influence of Television, Hollywood adapted to become New Hollywood, a term used to describe a new generation of directors who had taken inspiration from Europe in the 1960s. These new directors influenced the types of films that were produced, how they were produced and how they were marketed. This impacted the way major studios approached filmmaking. Jaws was devastating to making artistic, smaller films. They forgot how to do it Peter Bogdanovich One of the films that changed Hollywood forever was Jaws. This film raised the bar for New Hollywood. Released in June 1975, at 460 theatres simultaneously, on an unprecedented wave of TV advertising, Jaws was everywhere at once. The film needed only 78 days to surpass The Godfather as the top-grossing movie of all time (at least until 1977, and Star Wars). Jaws  was regarded as the father of the summer  blockbuster film  and one of the first high concept films. Due to the films success in advance screenings, studio executives decided to distribute it in a much wider release than ever before.  The Omen  followed in the summer of 1976 and then  Star Wars  one year later in 1977, cementing the notion for movie studios to distribute their big-release action and adventure pictures (commonly referred to as  tentpole pictures) during the summer.   By making Jaws, Universal spurred the movie industrys recovery with its phenomenal success that spawned a new breed of blockbusters like  Star Wars  (1977),  Grease  (1978), and  Superman  (1978), summer releases launched via nationwide marketing that resulted in record box-office profits and were the dominant, defining products of the New Hollywood. The success of these blockbusters reinforced an economic recovery in the industry that continues today, and it enabled the studios to regain some of their lost authority as well, as they became increasingly adept at transforming blockbuster hits into entertainment franchises-multimedia product lines comprised of movie sequels, TV spinoffs, video games, theme-park rides, soundtrack albums, music videos, and an endless array of licensed merchandise. Hollywoods recovery accelerated during the 1980s, fueled by a range of factors that complemented the studios burgeoning blockbuster mentality. One fact or was the rapid growth of new media technologies and new delivery systems, most notably home video and pay-cable television (i.e., subscription movie channels like HBO), which proved to be as hit driven as the box office. Foreign markets were equally receptive to Hollywood blockbusters, and thus the studios international distribution operations grew steadily during the 1980s, going into high gear in the 1990s, when the fall of the Soviet Union and the concurrent economic reforms in China created a truly global market for Hollywood films. The Hollywood that we know today has been shaped by its history, the drive to produce movies that make a profit. Studios now focus on relying on very expensive blockbusters to remain profitable. Studios now also rely on star power and large advertising campaigns to market every new up-coming movie and attract a huge audience. In conclusion, Hollywood has become the dominant cinema producer in the world and has retained its pre-eminence by changing and adapting to its audiences. It must also be remembered that Hollywood is a business, therefore to survive it has had to make good business decisions to continue making a profit.

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jens Mona in the Promised Land Essays

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land Novels that illustrate a confrontation between disparate cultures provide particularly straightforward insights into basic human behavior. Characters confronted with a cultural conflict must explore basic human commonalities to breach the gap between the cultures. In doing so, one diminishes the differences between her culture and the unknown culture, ultimately bringing her closer to her raw humanity. Simultaneously, this sets the stage for countless sociological case studies that may illuminate important human behaviors that are otherwise masked by the bias of a dominating culture. A prime subject for one such examination is Mona Chang, a natural-born American who strives to overcome the cultural pressure posed by her Chinese immigrant parents so that she may be accepted by her peers. Appearing in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land, Chang finds herself in a situation that tests her identity as an American. The test, occurring in her adolescence, proves inconclusive. In turn, it motivates Chang to affirm her identity at the expense of her maturity-a struggle that continues until she overcomes the factor that initially questioned her identity. Thus, the cultural backdrop of Jen's Mona in the Promised Land provides an excellent basis to study the human character, from which one may infer that an incident that causes identity confusion in one's adolescent life must be resolved before one may reach maturity. In Chang's case, her oriental appearance pairs her with Sherman Matsumoto, the newest ad... ... one must rely primarily upon the text itself as well as interviews with Jen. Although few scholarly resources are available with pertinence to this novel, it is not difficult to make a substantial argument for the aforementioned themes. Naturally, those themes apply only to adolescents who have not yet matured fully from a psychological perspective. In conclusion, the cultural clash in Jen's Mona in the Promised Land allows one to discern easily that one must figuratively conquer that which troubles her sense of identity lest her maturity remain underdeveloped. Works Cited April Guest: Gish Jen. McDougal Littell Page. 1999. . Jen, Gish. Mona in the Promised Land. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1997.

Does the FBI have the right to use Carnivore? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Does the FBI have the right to use Carnivore? Carnivore is an unnecessary system that should be replaced by one that infringes less on the privacy of Internet users, such as one that records the data of certain subscribers and sends only that information to the FBI. The methods used for intercepting communications, from simple wiretapping to the NSA’s ECHELON satellite surveillance system, have been designed as a means of intercepting information concerning criminal and terrorist plans and using that information to apprehend suspects before they cause any harm. Carnivore, the FBI’s email â€Å"wiretapping† system, is used to scan emails on a specific ISP that is believed to be hosting a suspected criminal. Carnivore was designed to scan packets of information passing through a router in search of suspicious activity. It looks for keywords and names in the headers of emails and other data that may lead to the prevention of crimes or apprehension of suspects. It is believed that Carnivore was derived from commercial online detection software known as Etherpeek. [Tyson] In February 1997, the system known as â€Å"Omnivore† was proposed to run on Solaris X86 computers. In June 1999, it was replaced by the Carnivore system, which runs on Windows NT-based computers. [Konrad] Carnivore is part of a system known as the DragonWare Suite. This system contains three parts: Carnivore, the system that captures information; Packeteer, which is believed to be used as a packet reassembler; and Coolminer, an application that is thought to be capable of analyzing the data collected. [Tyson] It was recommended that Carnivore’s name be changed because its current name caused people to infer that it would aggressively invade their privacy. Because of its job as a â€Å"digital collection system,† it was recently renamed DCS1000. [Luening] It has also been said that the FBI has merely â€Å"dressed its online wolf in sheep’s clothing† [Luening]. When a suspected criminal is detected, a court order for investigation must be issued, and then a Carnivore machine is set up at the suspect’s ISP. It then scans all incoming and outgoing data for every user on that ISP. It is claimed that only the headers of emails are scanned for information and that the contents are left alone, but there are questions as to whether or not this is true and, if it is not, whether citizens can trust the government not to read personal email while searching for their suspect.

Relationship between hypothesized behavior Essay

The aim of the paper was to determine the relationship between hypothesized behavior resulting from a personality test and actual information behavior from a group-based assignment. Traditionally, information seeking behavior is subsumed under a single monolithic theoretical framework. The study seeks to address the empirical categorization of such behavior. About three voluntary groups of ten library and information science students were observed during a project assignment. The NEO-PI-R test was employed to describe and define personality traits of participants. The independent variables are gender and test results. The dependent variable is the so-called ‘differential information-seeking behavior’ (between the populations). The findings are as follows: 1) some personality traits are related to actual information-seeking behavior, 2) gender is not a good determinant of good behavior, and 3) personality traits are also related to the overall context of group activities. 2) Research Design. You want to know more about the social interaction of preschoolers in the playground. Suppose the number of preschoolers (assuming) is 30 and above, then we can conduct a statistical test. The independent variable is ‘time spent playing with other preschoolers’- X- (assuming that we expand the playing time of the children). The dependent variable is ‘personal acceptability’ – Y – (the degree in which a child receives positively other children). If we observe that an increase in X is accompanied by an increase in Y, then we can assume that the two are correlated. In short, as the amount of time spent playing with other preschoolers is increased, the degree of personal acceptability increases. 3) A correlation value of 0. 89 means that there exists a very strong positive linear relationship between the two variables. In short, the amount of time (in hours) spent in studying is positively related to exam scores. A student who spends more time studying will likely to receive high exam scores. 4) The researchers subjected ‘Albert’ to intense psychological conditions without his consent. The researchers were also indifferent to the consequences of the experiment (which turned out bad for the child). These two instances merit as ethical faults in the study. 5) Neurotransmitters are chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. Neurotransmitters, in a sense, activate receptors of the nervous system. Hormones are also signal chemicals but with different purpose. They are chemicals that transport signal from one cell to another, altering body metabolism (which neurotransmitters cannot do).

Material Balances for Carbon

Many of the earth's natural processes are cyclic. The circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and continents is a familiar example. Another is the transformation and movement of carbon-containing compounds for which the immediately obvious elements are the photosynthetic generation by plants of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and the consumption of carbohydrates by herbivores who regenerate carbon dioxide through respiration. (As we shall see shortly, the complete carbon cycle involves a number of additional processes.)Such cycles are termed â€Å"biogeochemical cycles. † The term is most commonly used to refer to global cycles of the â€Å"life elements† C, O, N, S, and P, but its use is extended as well to regional cycles and to other elements or components. The study of biogeochemical cycles then is the study of the transformation and transport of substances in the Earth's systems. In most cases the cycles link biotic (living) subsystems to abiotic (non-liv ing) ones. Of particular current interest is the effect of human-caused disturbances on the natural cycles.A major disturbance in the carbon cycle, for example, is the continuous injection of carbon (mainly as carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. How much of this injected carbon ends up in the atmosphere? How much in the oceans? . . . in the land vegetation? What effect does the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on the global climate? Insights to the answers to these and related questions can be gained through the use of mathematical models constructed by applying material and energy balance principles.Here the carbon cycle serves as an illustrative example, though much of the discussion is couched in terms that apply generally. The objective is to develop a simple mathematical model that will demonstrate the use of material and energy balances for studying the Earth’s natural processes. A schematic representation The transport o f substances in biogeochemical systems is commonly depicted graphically by means of flowsheets or flowcharts, which are composed of boxes (or compartments, or reservoirs) connected by arrow-directed lines.As such, the depiction resembles the flowsheet for a chemical plant or process where boxes represent various 1  units (reactors, heat exchangers, etc. ) and the lines represent material flows. Indeed the analogy extends to methods of analysis, as we shall see in later sections, based on material and/or energy balances. Flowcharts for biogeochemical systems differ from those generally used for chemical processes in that a single chart for the former usually is used to track the flow of just one substance (ordinarily an element such as carbon) — but it need not be so. The number of boxes in a schematic representation is indicative of the level of detail to which an analysis will be subjected or for which information (data) is available.The least detailed for global carbon, f or example, consists of only three compartments — for land, oceans and atmosphere — of the type shown in Figure 1. Commonly in such representations, the amounts, or inventory, of the substance of interest (represented by M's in Figure 1) in each compartment have units of mass or moles. The exchange rates or flows (usually termed â€Å"fluxes† in the ecosystem literature, represented by F's in Figure 1) have units of mass or moles per unit of time. Figure 1. Three-compartment representation of a biogeochemical cycle.M's  represent the inventory (mass or moles), and F's are flows or fluxes (mass or moles per unit time). atmosphere, Ma Foa Fao oceans, Mo Fta Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) A quantitative description would give numerical values of the inventories and fluxes — or better yet, would give expressions for the F's in terms of the M's. Figure 2 presents a similar flowchart with a slightly higher level of detail. This representation recognizes th at there may be a significant difference between concentrations near the ocean surface and those in the deeper ocean layers.We will use this representation later for studying a model of the carbon cycle. 2 atmosphere, Ma Fsa Figure 2. Four-compartment representation of a biogeochemical cycle. Fas surface ocean layer, Ms Fds Fta Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) Fsd deep ocean layers, Md A further level of detail might add boxes to represent land and ocean biota, but we will not add that complexity for our purposes here. Mathematical models Mathematical models of biogeochemical cycles can take on various forms depending on the level of detail sought or necessary and/or on the type of supporting or verifying information or data available.In general, models attempt to relate the rates of transport, transformation and input of substances to their masses and changes by way of equations based on material and/or energy conservation principles. The description in the preceding section sugge sts so-called â€Å"lumped† models; that is, models in which the spatial position is not a continuous variable. Indeed it may not even appear in the model equations. It is, in fact, considered to be piecewise constant. Thus the vertical position in the ocean was separated into two parts, surface layer and deep layers.For such lumped models, the mathematical description is in the form of ordinary differential equations for the unsteady states and of algebraic or transcendental equations for the steady state. So-called â€Å"distributed† models, which consider the spatial position to be a continuous variable, lead to partial differential equations for the unsteady and ordinary differential equations for the steady state. By far the most common models employed for biogeochemical cycles are of the lumped variety, and the remainder of this module will be devoted to them. One should think of lumped models as representing overall (perhaps 3 global) averages.With sufficient de tail (large number of boxes) they may be useful for accurate quantitative purposes; with little detail, they may be used to obtain rough estimates, to study qualitative trends, and to gain insights into the effects of changes. Lumped models are sometimes referred to as â€Å"black box† models — so called because they consider only the inputs and outputs of the boxes and their interior masses. They do not explore the interior details of the boxes — such as the predator-prey interactions that influence the population dynamics within the biota, or the complex ocean chemistry that affects the air-ocean exchange of material.In the same way, most flowsheet representations and calculations for chemical plants treat process units as black boxes. Material and energy balances relate known and unknown stream quantities. The detail within a box, such as the tray-to-tray compositions and temperatures of a distillation column are not directly involved in the usual flowsheet c alculation, but obviously are involved in determining the output streams, or in relating them to other streams, at a finer level of detail Calculations for a model of the carbon cycleHere we will use a schematic diagram similar to that in Figure 2 to construct a mathematical model for the carbon cycle. Our purpose is to estimate the effect of fossil fuel burning on the level of carbon in the atmosphere — important information for the assessment of the greenhouse effect. Figure 2 is reconstructed below to include the input of carbon from fossil fuels. atmosphere, Ma Fsa Figure 3. A simplified representation of the carbon cycle, including an input from fossil fuel burning. Fas surface ocean layer, Ms Fds Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) Fsd deep ocean layers, Md  4 Fta Ff fossil fuelsThe following equations relate the flow rates (fluxes) in the diagram to the masses of carbon in the boxes in the form employed in references [1] and [2]. The numerical values of the coefficient s were derived from data presented in those references. Ffa is an input disturbance, yet to be specified. In these equations, the masses (the M’s) are in units of petagrams, and the fluxes (the F’s) are in units of petagrams per year. (One petagram is 15 10 grams. ) Fas = (0. 143) Ma (1) Fsa = (10 ( 2) ?25 )M 9. 0 s Fat = (16. 2) Ma0. 2 (3) Fta = (0. 0200 ) Mt ( 4)  Fds = (0. 00129) Md (5) Fsd = ( 0. 450) Ms ( 6)Notice that Equations 2 and 3 are nonlinear relationships between fluxes and masses. To appreciate the reason for this, say in Equation 2, bear in mind that the fluxes and masses are measures of the element C, which actually exists in various compound forms, with equilibrium likely established among them, in the ocean waters. Yet it is only carbon dioxide that enters the atmosphere from the ocean layers in any appreciable quantity. Therefore, the relationship between carbon dioxide and the total carbon in the ocean layers is complicated.The nonlinear relation ship in Equation 3 is explained by the fact that this rate of transfer, nearly all in the form of carbon dioxide, is governed mainly by the rate of photosynthesis by plants — a rate usually not limited by carbon dioxide supply from the air but rather by the photochemical and biochemical reactions at play. Material balances Material balances on carbon (i. e. , atomic balances) may be written for each of the boxes in Figure 3. As an example, with the information in Equations 1-6 incorporated, the unsteady balance on the â€Å"atmosphere† box is given by 5 dMa 0. 2  = (10 ?25 ) Ms9. 0 + (0. 0200) Mt ? (0. 143) Ma ? (16. 2 ) Ma + Ff dt ( 7)Similar balances must be added for the other three compartments, and initial values for the four M’s must be given to complete the mathematical model. The input from fossil fuel consumption, the disturbance function Ff, may be a constant or a function of time. Its current value is about 5 petagrams of carbon per year. Over some periods of time its value increased at the rate of about 4% per year. Inasmuch as the Earth’s total reservoir of fossil fuels is estimated to be 10,000 petagrams, of which only half may be  recoverable for use, the current use rate, much less any significant increase, is not sustainable indefinitely.However, in the much shorter run, the concern is not about the availability of fossil fuels, but about how their use may be affecting the global climate. Steady states . The steady-state model is derived simply by setting the time derivatives in the transient equations to zero. Further, we can deduce from physical considerations that no steady state is possible unless Ff is zero. (Notice that the steadystate equations are nonlinear in the M's owing to the exponents on Ms and Ma.Consequently, a numerical search procedure must be used to obtain solutions to Problem 1 below. ) Problem 1 Incorporating the information in Equations 1-6, write the steady-state carbon balance for each o f the four â€Å"boxes† in Figure 3, taking Ff to be zero. Can you solve these equations for the numerical values of the four M’s? (Note that the equations are not linearly independent; one is redundant. ) (a) Take the total M (i. e. , the sum of the four M’s) to be 39,700 petagrams (the actual current estimate of the total carbon in the four compartments) and solve for the M’s.Note that your solution would be the ultimate steady-state distribution of carbon if the usage of fossil fuels were discontinued now — that is if Ff were immediately decreased from 5 petagrams per year to zero. (b) Instead of assuming an immediate reduction in Ff to zero, suppose that the usage of fossil fuels is reduced gradually in such manner that the carbon entering the atmosphere from this source decreases linearly with 6 time from 5 petagrams per year to zero over the next 100 years.Calculate the total amount (in petagrams) of carbon released by fossil fuel use over th at 100-year period, and determine the new set of M's at steady state. What fraction of the added carbon will ultimately (steadily) reside in the atmosphere? Unsteady (Transient) States. While information about steady states is of interest and importance, the more relevant questions can only be answered by examining the transient or unsteady state. How long does it take to approach a steady state? What levels of carbon are reached in the atmosphere along the way to an eventual steady state?What is the effect of increasing or decreasing the rate of consumption of fossil fuels? Consider the first question. According to the numerical values given above for fluxes and reservoir levels of carbon, the effective time constants for the reservoirs vary from a few years for the atmosphere to hundreds or thousands of years for the deep ocean layers. Therefore, a large input into the atmosphere may eventually decay to only a modest permanent (steady-state) increase owing to the fact that the lar ge capacity of the oceans will eventually absorb most of it — but the effects on the atmosphere may be felt for a century or more.The point was made above that the steady-state equations, being nonlinear, cannot be solved analytically. The same is true for the unsteady state. Therefore, the following problem requires a numerical procedure for solving the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Problem 2 . Equation 7 gives the material balance for carbon in the atmosphere. Complete the mathematical description of the unsteady state by writing similar balances on the remaining three compartments shown in Figure 3.Take the initial (current) levels of carbon in the four reservoirs to be 700, 3000, 1000, 35000 for the atmosphere, terrestrial, surface ocean, and deep ocean reservoirs, respectively — all in petagrams. (a) Assuming that the carbon input from fossil fuel use remains constant at its present level of 5 petagrams per year, generate a numerical solutio n giving the amount of carbon in each reservoir versus time over a 100-year period. (Show your results in graphical form. ) (b) As in part (b) of Problem 1, let Ff decrease linearly with time from 5 petagrams per year to zero over 100 years.Again generate solutions and present curves showing the 7 reservoir levels of carbon versus time up to 100 years. What fraction of the total carbon entering the atmosphere from fossil fuel use is present in the atmosphere at the end of the 100-year period? Compare that fraction to your answer for part (b) of Problem 1. Comments? A Glance at the Global Warming Problem You might ask why should we be concerned about changes in atmospheric carbon levels. After all, the levels are very low. Further, we should expect some natural level of CO2 in the atmosphere owing simply to that generated by the respiration of plants and animals.In fact, that natural level is estimated to be about 280 ppmv — a pre-industrial level that probably existed steadil y for centuries before the industrial revolution. The answer to such questions is not simple, but the major concern nowadays is the possible upsetting of the Earth's energy balance leading to an increase in the average global temperature. We will not attempt an exhaustive treatment of this subject here, but since it connects directly to the preceding discussion of the carbon cycle, it warrants a quick glance at least. The following equation gives the simplest form of the Earth's energy balance.S(1 ? f ) r = 2 4 2 T (4 r ) (8) where S is the solar constant — i. e. , the amount of incident solar radiation per unit projected area of the Earth, f is the albedo or reflectivity of the Earth, r is the Earth's radius ? is the effective emissivity of the Earth for infrared radiation to outer space, ? is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant T is the absolute temperature — indicative of the global average temperature. The radius, r, cancels from Equation 8. The following list gives valu es for the other quantities in Equation 8. 2 S = 1367 watts/m f = 0. 31 ? = 0. 615 -8 2 4 ? = 5.5597 x 10 watts/(m oK ) 8Equation 8 is a steady-state balance equating the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface (on the left side) to the energy lost by infrared radiation to outer space (on the right side). Atmospheric gases affect the reflectivity, f, and the effective emissivity, ?. In particular, so-called greenhouse gases decrease ? by absorbing, or â€Å"trapping†, some of the infrared radiation, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can escape from the Earth. If all other factors are constant, a lower value of ? will result in a higher value of T from Equation 8.Other factors come into the picture, however, and lead to uncertainty about the extent of global warming that may occur due to increases in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. For example, an increase in the average temperature would probably lead to an increase in aerosols and cloudiness, which will act to inc rease f and offset the effect of a decrease in ?. We probably error on the pessimistic side (i. e. , predicting a temperature change that is too large) if we assume, as we shall here, that an increasing CO2 level works only to decrease ?. The following equation gives a reasonable estimate for that variation. = 0. 642- (8.  45 x 10-5) pco 2 (9) where pCO2 is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in parts per million by volume (ppmv).Problem 3 For this problem you will need to calculate the concentration of CO2 in ppmv from the total mass of atmospheric carbon. For that calculation, take 18 the total mass of the atmosphere to be 5. 25 x 10 kg. In all cases use the initial values for the M's given in Problem 2. (a) Using your result from Problem 1(b) along with Equations 8 and 9, calculate the predicted eventual increase in the global temperature attributable to the carbon added to the atmosphere over a 100-year period.(b) Repeat Problems 2(a) and 2(b), this time incl uding a graph of the global temperature change versus years as predicted from Equations 8 and 9. Comment about the resulting temperature following from Problem 2(b) vis-a`-vis that following from Problem 1(b). 9 Problem solutions Solutions to the three problems presented in these notes are available to course instructors as Mathcad (Macintosh) files or as copies of those files in pdf format. Copies may be obtained by e-mail request to schmitz. [email  protected] edu.