Experience of the Attawapiskat Cree to Ojibwa in relation to the Canadian Government

The Attawaspiskat Cree and Ojibwa ar a starting signal nations group support in parts of Canada, mainly northern Ontario. The main languages spoken by these first nation groups atomic number 18 Mushkegowuk Cree and Ojibway. I provide comp be and contrast the stupefy of the Attawapiskat Cree to Ojibwa in relation to the Canadian Government. This will include analyzing the treaties introduced by the governing body towards the Cree and the Ojibwa in particular, treaty 9 will be discussed. In addition, to these treaties the disposition has appointd the first nation community into twain different groups status-Indians and non-status Indians. at heart these two groups further division has been accomplished by the allocation of knowledge domains crawl in as allows to status-Indians and freelance ownership for non-status Indians. This allocation of brings in reserves for status-Indians and independent ownership for non-status Indian is establish on the policies developed d s ensation dependent and independent upgrade. The laws permitting only status-Indians to live in reserves deem fragmented the community and changes in culture and traditions have been rapid since the arrival of the presidency.The arrival of the Canadian brass in the other(a) nineteen-hundreds was the last major encapsulating factor the Cree and the Ojibwa were to face after the Hudson Bay Company and the church. The methods ad opted by the government were aimed at changing the social, frugal, political and religious practices held within these societies. ace of the first efforts under transfern by the Canadian government was to legalize any follow through it would take in the regions occupied by the Cree and the Ojibwa. then, in 1905 and 1906 treaty 9 was signed with the batch of Cree and the people of Ojibwa.With the introduction of treaty 9, logging, hydroelectric development, minerals, plait of road and railways started. This treaty also introduced sweet land policies , which allowed non-Indians to exploit the preferences apply before only by the Indians. Commissioner Scott who re depicted the government promised the Indians that treaty 9 would non affect the way of living for the Indian people, rather the government would answer in times of need There will not be any legislation governing trapping, hunting animals and hunting birds and fishing, if you are in favour of the treaty.If something happens to you as to sickness or need of help the government will help you, all the people from Albany, Attawapiskat, Winisk, Fort Severn, will have this help (Cummins 2004, 36). However, during the famine of 1909, 1928, 1930-31, 1934-36 and 1946-48 in Attawaspiskat, assistance from the government was smallish or non-existent. Therefore, the main reason for the treaty was to extinguish aboriginal rights and to take away the land owned by the Indians. Following treaty 9 many different treaties were introduced by the government which further deteriorated the economical conditions present within the Indian community.These treaties had assured for the Cree and the Ojibwa, that provision would be made for the deliver of seed, cattle and agricultural implements as these nations had exhibited an interest in starting country for economic interest. Additionally, some early(a) treaties had guaranteed distribution of fishing nets, net twins, guns and ammunition so as it jakes enable the Indians to hunt for subsistence activities, with participation with the new economy. However, the government provided insufficient amenities which were unable to economically emend the model of the Cree and Ojibwa.In addition, national official legislation especially the Indian form teamed with federal and provincial policy and actions, rendered it arduous for Aboriginal people to undertake other economic interest. (http//www. ainc-inac. gc. ca/ch/rcap/sg/sh45_e. html). It is essential to define the terms land upgrade and land use in order to under stand how these systems are apply as an encapsulating factor for the Ojibwa and the Attawapiskat Cree. res publica use is the physical exploitation of land, where as land tenure are the policies which govern the use of land and is based on social, political and exploitatory patterns of a group.Example of social, political and exploitative patterns would include the ways of accommodation, such as living in micro or macro stripes and occupying a river drainage or a skinny fishing site notion of land ownership and hunting patters, respectively. Since the encroachment of Euro-Canadians in all aspect of Indian life, there have been changes in the traditional land tenure policies held within these societies for centuries. The government has divided the Ojibwa and the Cree into two different categories status Indians and non-status Indians.Status Indians are those separates who according to the Indian Act appear on the governments list of registered Indians. Status-Indians are solely dependent on governmental aid and live on lands moody into reserves by the government they are also exempted from any provincial or federal programs such as income levy and property tax. Non-status Indians are those who have disordered their Indian status by governmental enfranchisement. These people grassnot live on reserves land setup by the government for status-Indians, but they can independently own land and mustiness pay taxes.The reserves are created by the Indian Act as, the minister may, when he considers it desirable make new bands and when a new band has been established from an existing band or any part thereof, such portion of the reserve lands and capital of the existing band as the minister determines shall be held for the use and pull ahead of the new band. (Driben 1986 114). Therefore, to create a reserve there must be, a new band who has requested the government to be turned into a reserve.Hence, if approved the government would allot an existing reserve or some land. Once designated as a reserve, individuals cannot have the title to the land and cannot exercise the freedom to move fluidly in different areas or groups. sensation major set back by the government to the Ojibwa people living in Aroland are the economic government policy adopted towards them. In 1971, the provincial plan for economic development was revealed, which concluded that land and resource development should take place only in places which demonstrate a potential for growth.Therefore, the problem arouse when Nakina, a town less than 25 kilometres from Aroland became the centre of growth, this has shifted any incentives from private and government sectors to economically invest in Aroland. The government of Canada has introduced two types of land tenure for the Cree and the Objiwa, dependent and independent land tenure. In dependent land tenure two aspects must be fulfilled, first that region must be made into a reserve, and second, the people occupying the regi on must be status-Indians. Once the region has become a reserve it falls under the jurisdiction of the ministry of Indian Affairs.Therefore, by the Indian Act, the ministry has the authority to possess land, prevent the transfer of land between bands, and to allocate land as they see fit. The economic impact of the dependent tenure has its benefits and dis usefulnesss. These benefits include that the ministry of Indian affairs will provide aid for economic development. Such aid can be in forms of loans to bands, groups or individuals. Moreover, the Indians are not required to pay property tax or income tax on the money they earn by working on the reserves.A disadvantage would be that the reserved land cannot be sold or leased unless it is surrendered to the government, and once the land has been surrendered to the government, it is controlled and owned by the government not the Indians. The social impact of dependent tenure is the segregation caused by the segment of Indians into s tatus and non-status Indians. Therefore, to choose dependent tenure would segregate the community into one group, that comprising of status-Indians only. By the Indian act, non-status Indians are considered to be trespassers if they enter a reserve and can be fined and imprisoned for doing so.On the other hand, fissiparous Land Tenure is a more euro-Canadian form of land policy. Indians in independent land tenure can buy property. But if the people opt for Independent Land tenure they cannot form any kind of reserve. Since Independent tenure is regulated under provincial government, the federal government would not be involved. Once the provincial government sells the people the land they occupy, the individual will get the title to the land and also some benefits as stated by the minister, Firstly, a surface right, which permits a landowner to have it away the current use of his land.Secondly, a productive right, which allows an owner to make a profit from the current use of his land. Thirdly, a development right, allowing the owner to improve his property. Fourthly, a pecuniary right, whereby a landowner benefits financially from development evaluate both effectively granting the right not to develop and sixthly, a disposal right, allowing an owner to sell or will his land (Driben 1986 105). The economic advantage of independent tenure is that Indians can participate in government programs, can be endowed with equity that can be employed to fetch mortgages and loans from banks and other financial institutions.Additionally they can have provincially tax-supported work such as fire protection, construction of roads, as well as other provincial benefits. In conclusion, the arrival of the government in the early nineteen-hundred marked a beginning which has rapidly cause change and encapsulated the Ojibwa and the Cree. pact 9, also known as the James Bay treaty, has let the government occupy two-third of northern Ontario from the Indians. An encapsulation method adopted by the government was to divide the Indians into different groups this was done by dividing the people into status-Indians and non-status Indians.Further, physical sub-division was accomplished by the government through dependent and Independent tenure. Laws forbidding non-status Indians to enter reserves were strictly enforced and any economic incentives approached by the Indians were tentatively dealt with. Therefore the nineteen hundred has been a drastic change for the Ojibwa and the Cree, and it has transformed them from a simpler life of hunting for subsistence to that of trading and has made them conform to the external printing press to acculturate.BIBLIOGRAPHY Cummins, Brian D. 2004. Only God Can Own the Land. Toronto Pearson Education Canada Inc. Driben, Paul. 1986. Aroland Is Our Home An uncompleted victory in Applied Anthropology. New York AMS Press. Martin, Calvin. 1978. Keepers of the Game. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London University of California Press . Schmalz, whoreson S. 1991. The Ojibwa. Toronto, Buffalo, and London University of Toronto Press. Krech, Shepard. 1981. Indians, Animals, and the Fur trade. Athens The University of Georgia Press. .