Hemophilia :: essays research papers

HemophiliaHemophilia is a componenttic blood disease, which is characterized by theinability of blood to clot, or change state even from minor injuries. This diseaseis caused by an insufficiency of certain blood proteins, called factors, thatparticipate in blood clotting and often by sudden gene mutation. Therefore,with the absence of factors, the blood clotting process is prolonged. There aredifferent types of hemophilia, hemophilia A and hemophilia B for example.Hemophilia A , the most third estate form is caused by the lack of factor VIII. Inthe second most parkland form of hemophilia, hemophilia B (also known as Christmasdisease), factor IX is absent.The condition appears when the person is born. Also, the disease ishereditary, passed on from parent to child. Because of its genetic makeup,hemophilia is carried by females however those affected are almost always males.In trinity of all cases hemophilia thought to be caused by spontaneous genemutation with no family history. T his is how females are able to be affectedby hemophilia. hereditary pattern is controlled by a recessive sex-linked factorcarried by the mother on the X chromosome. There is a fifty percent chance thatthe sons of a female carrier will have hemophilia. There also is a fiftypercent chance that the daughters of a female carrier will be carriers ofhemophilia. In addition, all daughters of men with hemophilia are carriers, buthis sons are unaffected. Men cannot transmit hemophilia, and female carriersare free of the disease.Hemophilia is the most common hereditary blood disorder. Currently,approximately one in every 10,000 people in all parts of the world suffers fromhemophilia. This blood related disease affects almost 20,000 people in the

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Plannin

The chore of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human existence growth, overpopulation, and creations biological carrying capacity bring been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek visualised that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There atomic number 18 many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, and so on However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the idea of population control as one possible starting point for a solution. CARRYING CAPACITYIt is all important(predicate) to remember that carrying capacity can change with new technology , varied use of resources and better resource management. Carrying capacity can also change in the reversal direction due to a catastrophic event or overexploitation of resources. As was mentioned previously, there have been many estimates made on Earths carrying capacity since 1679. Estimates have varied greatly, ranging from 1000 billion. Currently the UNs projection is that Earth can support around 9 billion people (www.prb.org). It is anticipate that the human population will reach that size by 2050. The current world population is around 6.3 billion. So, many believe that this is becoming, and has been, an imminent problem. According to Cohen, there have been six different methods that have been used to estimate Earths human carrying capacity.... ...eved October 31, 2004 from Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Haub, C. & Herstad, B., (July, 2002). Sterilization innovations 1 Contraceptive Method. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from Population Reference Bureau www.prb.or g. Meulenberg, C., (Sept./Oct. 2004). unimpeachablyProbably One A Generation Comes of Age Under Chinas One-Child Policy. World Watch, 17, 31. Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V.M., (November, 2003). Empowering Women, Developing Society Female Education in the lay East and North Africa. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. UNFPA, (2004). State of the World Population The Cairo Consensus at Ten Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to halt Poverty. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from www.unfpa.org. Zi, L., (2004, July 8). Population Planning Paradox. Beijing Review, 47, 22. The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population PlanninThe Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human population growth, overpopulation, and earths biological carrying capacity have been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek estimated that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There are many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, etc. However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the idea of population control as one possible starting point for a solution. CARRYING CAPACITYIt is important to remember that carrying capacity can change with new technology, different use of resources and better resource management. Carrying capacity can also change in the opposite direction due to a catastrophic event or overexploitation of resources. As was mentioned previously, there have been many estimates made on Earths carrying capacity since 1679. Estimates have varied greatly, ranging from 1000 billion. Currently the UNs projection is that Earth can support around 9 billion people (www.prb.org). It is expected that the human population will reach that size by 2050. The current world population is around 6.3 billion. So, many believe that this is becoming, and has been, an imminent problem. According to Cohen, there have been six different methods that have been used to estimate Earths human carrying capacity.... ...eved October 31, 2004 from Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Haub, C. & Herstad, B., (July, 2002). Sterilization Worlds 1 Contraceptive Method. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Meulenberg, C., (Sept./Oct. 2004). DefinitelyProbably One A Generation Comes of Age Under Chinas One-Child Policy. World Watch, 17, 31. Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V.M., (November, 2003). Empowering Women, Developing Society Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from Population Referenc e Bureau. www.prb.org. UNFPA, (2004). State of the World Population The Cairo Consensus at Ten Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to End Poverty. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from www.unfpa.org. Zi, L., (2004, July 8). Population Planning Paradox. Beijing Review, 47, 22.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION :: essays research papers

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONEfforts to improve the standard of living for humans--through the control of nature and the development of new products--have also resulted in the pollution, or contamination, of the environment. Much of the worlds air, water, and land is now partially poisoned by chemical wastes. Some places have become uninhabit equal. This pollution exposes people all around the macrocosm to new risks from disease. Many species of plants and animals have become endangered or argon now extinct. As a result of these developments, governments have passed laws to limit or retrogression the threat of environmental pollution. Ecology and Environmental Deterioration The branch of science that deals with how living things, including humans, atomic number 18 related to their surroundings is called ecology . The Earth supports some 5 million species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. These interact and influence their surroundings, forming a vast network of interrelated envir onmental systems called ecosystems. The arctic tundra is an ecosystem and so is a Brazilian rain forest. The islands of Hawaii are a relatively isolated ecosystem. If left undisturbed, natural environmental systems tend to achieve balance or stability among the various species of plants and animals. Complex ecosystems are able to compensate for changes caused by weather or intrusions from migrating animals and are therefore usually said to be more stable than simple ecosystems. A field of corn whiskey has only one dominant species, the corn plant, and is a very simple ecosystem. It is easily destroyed by drought, insects, disease, or overuse. A forest may reside relatively unchanged by weather that would destroy a nearby field of corn, because the forest is characterized by greater diversity of plants and animals. Its complexity gives it stability. existence growth and Environmental Abuse The reduction of the Earths resources has been closely linked to the rise in human populati on. For many thousands of years people lived in relative harmony with their surroundings. Population sizes were small, and life-supporting tools were simple. Most of the energy needed for work was provided by the worker and animals. Since about 1650, however, the human population has increased dramatically. The problems of overcrowding multiply as an ever-increasing number of people are added to the worlds population each year. Air PollutionFactories and transportation depend on huge amounts of fuel--billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world all(prenominal) year. When these fuels burn they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by-products into the atmosphere.

The Boeing Company :: PEST SWOT marketing strategy

CONTENTS1.COMPANY OVERVIEWp.3 to 4Companys vision, mission statement and objectives Visionp.3Boeing- Airbus market sh are ..p.42. pip ANALYSIS.p. 5 to 10PEST analysis..p.5SWOT analysis p.7Boeing Corporate Culture...p.103.THE BOEING COMPANY MARKETING POLICYp.11 to 30Segmentation....p.11Boeings Positioning and Targeting Strategy..p.12Buyer behaviour......p.15Pricing system in the Boeing-Airbus duopoly . p.16Analysis of Major Customers...p.18Description of Products and Services...p.20The life cycle of Boeings mercenary airplanesp.23Boeings Communication Policy.p.24Public Relations ..p.27Distribution policy...p.284.PROCUREMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT .p.31 to 34Brief overview of Boeings procurance activity ...p.31e-procurement ..p.32Recommendations....p.345.COMPARISON WITH AIRBUS .p.35 to 37Airbus S.A.S brief overview ..p.35Reasons behind the Duopoly ...p.35Comparison of both Boeing and Airbus strategies.....p.36Latest commercial disputes ..p.366.ATTACK AND DEFEND STRATEGIES .p.38 Attack strategy ..p.38Defend strategy .....p.387.RECOMMENDATIONS .p.398.APPENDIXES.p.41 to 451.COMPANY OVERVIEWCompanys vision, mission statement and objectives VisionVisionPeople working together as one global lodge for aerospace leadershipBoeing- The future of flight.MissionTo be the number one aerospace political party in the world and among the premier industrial concerns in terms of quality, profitability and egressObjectivesTo get hold of the above goals and fulfil Boeings mission, the following objectives will guide companyContinuous improvements in quality of products and processesOur commitment to steady, long-term improvement in our products and processes is the cornerstone of our business strategy. To achieve this objective, we must work to continuously improve the overall quality of our design, manufacturing, administrative, and support organizations.A highly skilled and motivated workforceOur most important resource is our human resource the people who design and b uild our products and service our customers. Given the right combination of skills, training, communications, environment, and leadership, we believe our employees will achieve the needed gains in productivity and quality to meet our goals.Capable and focused management To employ our technical and human resources with optimum efficiency, we must ensure that managers are carefully selected, appropriately trained, and work together to achieve our long-range goals.Technical excellenceIn a world of fast-challenging technology, we can only remain agonistic by continuously refining and expanding our technical capability.Financial strengthThe high-risk, cyclical nature of our business demands a strong financial base. We must retain the enceinte resources to meet our current commitments and make substantial investments to develop new products and new technology for the future. This objective also requires contingency planning and control to ensure the company is not overextended should a severe economic downturn occur the plan period.Commitment to integrityIntegrity, in the broadest sense, must pervade our actions in all relationships, including those with our customers, suppliers, and separately other. This is a commitment to uncompromising values and conduct.

Psychiatric Disabilities: The Role of the Rehabilitation Counselor Essa

Psychiatric Disabilities The Role of the Rehabilitation CounselorA rehabilitation counselor is the central coordinator of stage setting up services and the clients goals. They help develop and enhance the clients skills to secure independence, employment and function in the community (Garske, 2003). In order to be able to rehabilitate the client and set up obtainable goals and a treatment plan, the rehabilitation counselor must first generalise ADA, the clients functional limitations, challenges and obstacles they are facing, along with barriers that may pose a threat to the victor of the client. Rehabilitation counselors also set up a support network the client can reach out to and utilize, as well as resources and accommodations that may help the client transition into the workforce, school or home. Challenges/Functional LimitationsSuccess RateThere are many challenges and obstacles that individuals with a psychiatric disability face and as a rehabilitation counselor car dinal must find ways to overcome those obstacles and help guide the client. According to Gregory Garske (2003), those with severe psychic illness or a psychiatric disability withstand an extremely low success rate and are the most challenging group to rehabilitate (p. 95). One of the largest subpopulations of disabilities with the lowest success rate did not go unnoticed and changes were made in 1992 when the amendments of the Rehabilitation Act were passed. The 1992 amendments paved the way for future growth and ensured that those with the most severe disability that limited one or more life functions received more assistance (Garske, 2003). What is disturbing is that even though those with a psychiatric disability are seeking services the success ... ...on job acquisition and retention among people with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 33(3), 203-207. doi10.3233/JVR-2010-0528.Schutt, R., & Hursh, N. (2009). Influences on Job Retention Among Ho meless Persons with Substance Abuse or Psychiatric Disabilities. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 36(4), 53-73. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.Sullivan, A., Nicolellis, D., & et al., (1993). Choose-get-keep A psychiatric rehabilitation approach to supported education. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(1), 55. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database.Walsh, J., & Walsh, M. (2003). The role of mental health professionals in responding to employment needs. Sourcebook of rehabilitation and mental health practice (pp. 105-115). New York, NY US Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.

Psychiatric Disabilities: The Role of the Rehabilitation Counselor Essa

Psychiatric Disabilities The Role of the Rehabilitation CounselorA rehabilitation counselor is the central coordinator of setting up services and the customers goals. They sponsor develop and enhance the clients skills to secure independence, employment and function in the community (Garske, 2003). In order to be able to rehabilitate the client and set up obtainable goals and a treatment plan, the rehabilitation counselor must first understand ADA, the clients functional limitations, challenges and obstacles they be facing, on with barriers that may pose a threat to the success of the client. Rehabilitation counselors also set up a support network the client can lay down out to and utilize, as well as resources and accommodations that may garter the client transition into the workforce, school or home. Challenges/Functional LimitationsSuccess RateThere are many challenges and obstacles that individuals with a psychiatric disability face and as a rehabilitation counselor one must find ways to overcome those obstacles and help guide the client. According to Gregory Garske (2003), those with severe genial illness or a psychiatric disability have an extremely low success rate and are the most challenging group to rehabilitate (p. 95). One of the largest subpopulations of disabilities with the lowest success rate did not go unnoticed and changes were made in 1992 when the amendments of the Rehabilitation human action were passed. The 1992 amendments paved the way for future growth and ensured that those with the most severe disability that limited one or more life functions received more help (Garske, 2003). What is disturbing is that even though those with a psychiatric disability are seeking services the success ... ...on job acquisition and retention among people with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 33(3), 203-207. doi10.3233/JVR-2010-0528.Schutt, R., & Hursh, N. (2009). Influences on Job Retention Among Homeles s Persons with Substance Abuse or Psychiatric Disabilities. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 36(4), 53-73. Retrieved from Academic lookup Complete database.Sullivan, A., Nicolellis, D., & et al., (1993). Choose-get-keep A psychiatric rehabilitation approach to supported education. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(1), 55. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database.Walsh, J., & Walsh, M. (2003). The role of mental health professionals in responding to employment needs. Sourcebook of rehabilitation and mental health practice (pp. 105-115). New York, NY US Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.

Maxson Rose, a Truly “Rose Woman”

Shuyang Ye Dr. Toni J. Morris ENGL 102 54 17. Feb. 2012 Maxson Rose, a Truly Rose Woman Roses are regarded as the most beloved flowers in the world, with its romantic intend . In most occasions, rose represents love ,beauty and pleasure. Nevertheless, we seldom take rose into deep consideration. Regardless of its sweet side, this kind of flower with thorns shows its other unique characteristics- dependent, and has a strong awareness of self-protection.The supporting role Maxson Rose in August Wilsons play Fences takes on both sides of the characteristics of that flower. In the play, Rose puts the familys congruity at the most important place in her heart. Just as the title of the play Fences implies, she privations to build a fence around her family , not permit her family members hurt by others. She performs very well not only mingled with troy weight and Cory, but also Troy and Gabriel. From my point of view, she is a bridge between her husband and son.We know from the play that Troy spent 15 years in prison, and became very good at baseball during the time in prison. that he always lives in the past , he prevents his son playing football in school team just because , he doesnt want his son do better job in the field where he has no chance to become successful . Rose demands once and once once again to persuade Troy to permit Cory play the football , and she always stops the argument between Cory and Troy about football. At the same time , she shows her unfeigned sympathy to Troys disabled brother Gabriel.She gave biscuits to Gabe though he wandered off she tries to persuade Troy not to t live in the brook which is paid by Gabes disabled subsidies for granted and she also stops Troy from sending Gabe to mental hospital. Furthermore, she really plays the roles as flowers, especially she finally decides to claim Troys illegitimate daughter Raynell, Instead of begrudging the stagnant situation, she choose to bravely confront with the cruel fact that her husband has love affair with another woman as a way of self-protection. She said to Troy Okay, Troyyoure right.Ill take care of your baby for you cause like you sayshes innocentand you cant visit the Sins of the father upon the child. A motherless child has got a hard time. (she takes the baby from him. ) From right now this child got a mother. But you a womanless man. (1613) Maxson Rose is an ever-dutiful 1950s-era housewife, devoting herself to her husband and her family. But she do not let her husband Troy walking all over her when she learns about Troys love affair with Alberta.Even though their marriage seems draw a close emotionally, Rose tries her best to show sincere motherly qualities to Troy and Albertas illegitimate daughter Raynell. And at the end of the play , it is this generous and tolerant woman calling familys unity and asks other family members to forgive Troy. She is truly a rose woman. Work cited August, Wilson. Fences. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 7th ed. Boston Wadsworth, 2010. 1572-625. Print.

Discuss Issues of Equality and Diversity and Ways to Promote Inclusion with Your Learners Essay

A teacher must have the ability to promote inclusion, par and diversity into each of his or her sessions. Thus acknowledging and respecting individuals learning need and giving support and assistance where and when necessary. A student is entitled to be part of the learning cycle without universe treat otherwise to opposite learners, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, religion, disability or sexual orientation. A student should feel that they atomic number 18 being treat equally to other learners within the classroom setting and atomic number 18 an integral part of the group.However, a teacher should continually monitor students and be able to identify the diverse needfully of individuals and offer support without favouritism. They should be awargon of any learners that seem isolated or may be feeling they are being treat differently whether it be by the teacher or other learners. If this situation occurs, the tutor should be approachable so the student can address any i ssues regarding equality or if necessary be able to refer the situation on to a higher position such as course leader.There are key pieces of legislation that a teacher necessitate to be aware of that are germane(predicate), such as the Disability Discrimination Act (2005), Race dealing Act (1976) and Sex Discrimination Act (1975). These are to ensure that non of the groups mention are treat unfavourably or differently from others. A teacher needs to take the lead in promoting equal opportunities and needs to examine their own manner and deportment and make sure they are non-discriminatory. This will encourage learners to diddle accordingly and where necessary challenge students who do not and their behaviour adversely affects others within the group.A teacher needs to promote inclusivity, involving all learners in relevant activities rather than excluding them for any reason either directly or indirectly. (Gravells, 2008). There are certain factors that need to be taken into account to promote inclusivity, such as the physical environment to ensure those with physical disabilities can access the area where learning takes place. When teaching students with learning difficulties it may be necessary to verify on more visual aids for them to understand the material and cut the session into shorter chunks to accommodate their reduced attention span.When there are issues with challenging behaviour within the classroom, it is essential that ground rules are set early on in the course which allows students to take ownership and teachers should give positive reinforcement when they are adhered to, to encourage good behaviour. Positive reinforcement also works well when trying to boost a students confidence, group work may also help those with lack of confidence instead of individual work. A teacher also needs to be aware of the diverse individual needs of his or her students, being able to support them in their learning.This can help the student feel included within the classroom setting as they are not falling behind in their work and are equal to the abilities of their peers. This can be offered by one-to-one tutorial sessions or suggesting a instruct for the student to help with their work. There are many issues that need to be taken into account when ensuring that all students will have an effective learning experience. A teacher needs to ensure that the learning needs of all students are met to encourage learning.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 31

Letter 2-November 15, 2006Dear Pat,First, let me say its good to hear from you. Its been a long time, which has been strange for me. I mean, when you are married to soulfulness for years and then you dont see that person for almost as many years, its strange, right? I dont know how to explain it, especi all toldy since our marriage ended so abruptly and scandalously. We never got a chance to talk things everyplace one-on-one like civilized adults. Because of this, sometimes I think maybe its almost as if Im non really sure the multiple Pat-less years claim truly transpired, just maybe its been only a brief separation that feels like years. bid a solo elevator car ride that takes all night but feels like a lifetime. Watching all those highway dashes flying by at seventy miles an hour, your eyes becoming lazy slits and your mind wandering over the memory of a whole lifetime past and future, childhood memories to thoughts of your own demolition until the numbers on the dashb oard clock do not mean anything anymore. And then the sun comes up and you get to your destination and the ride becomes the thing that is no longer real, because that surreal feeling has vanished and time has become meaningful again.Finally making contact with you is like arriving at the end of a long car ride and realizing I went to the wrong place that I slang ended up in the past somehow, at the port of origin instead of the track of destination. entirely at least I finally get to say that to you, which is important. It probably sounds stupid, but maybe you know what I mean. The part of my life you in one case filled has been nothing but highway dashes since you were put away, and I am hoping this exchange of letters entrust help to provide closure for both of us, because briefly I will drive back to the place I was before Tiffany contacted me, and we will be only memories to each other.I can hardly debate how much you wrote. When Tiffany told me you were writing me a lett er, I did not expect you to give her two hundred photocopied pages of your diary. As you can imagine, Tiffany was not able to read me all of the pages over the phone, because that would have taken hours She did read me the introductory note and then filled me in on the rest, citing your diary often. You need to know it was a fold of work for her to read through the manuscript and pick come on the parts she thought I should hear. For Tiffanys sake, please limit your next letter to five pages should in that respect be a next letter as adaptation five pages aloud takes a long time and Tiffany is typing up what I put over the phone as well, which is already too much to ask of her. (She really is a phenomenally kind woman, dont you think? You are lucky to have Tiffany in your life.) Maybe its the English teacher in me, but I feel as though a page limit is best. No offense, but lets probe to be concise. Okay?Congratulations on your dance performance. Tiffany says you performed flaw lessly. Im so proud of you Its hard to imagine you dancing, Pat. The way that Tiffany described the performance was very impressive. Im joyous you are taking an interest in new things. Thats good. I certainly wish you had danced more with me.Things at Jefferson High School are gloriously shitty. The PTA pushed for online stigma books, and now parents have access to their childrens grades 24/7. You would hate working here now because of this new development. All parents have to do is log on to a computer, go to the Jefferson High School Web page, enter an ID and a password, and they can see if their kid turned in his homework on any wedded day or scored poorly on a pop quiz or whatever. Of course, this means if we are behind on our grading, parents will know and the self-asserting ones will call. Parent-teacher conferences have increased because of this. Every time a student misses a single homework, Im hearing from parents. Our sports teams are losing pretty regularly too. str oller Ritchie and Coach Malone both miss you. Believe me when I say they could not fill your shoes, and the kids are worse off without Coach Peoples at the helm. The life of a teacher is still hectic and crazy and I am glad you dont have to deal with this type of stress as you heal.Sorry to hear about your pay back being aloof. I know how much that used to upset you. And Im also sorry your Eagles are up and down but at least they work over the Redskins last weekend, right? And season tickets with Jake, you must feel as though you died and went to heaven.I think its best to say I am remarried. I wont go into details unless you want me to, Pat. Im sure this comes as a shock to you, especially after Tiffany read me the many parts of your diary that seemed to indicate you still believe to reconcile our marriage. You need to know this is not going to happen. The truth is I was planning on divorcing you before the accident, before you were checked into the neural health facility. We were not a good match. You were never home. And lets face it our sex life was shit. I cheated on you because of this, which you may or may not remember. I am not trying to hurt you, Pat far from it. I am not proud of my infidelity. I regret cheating on you. But our marriage was over before I began my affair. Your mind is not right, but I have been told your therapist is one of the best in South Jersey, your treatments are working, and your memory will return soon when it does, you will remember how I hurt you, and then you will not even want to release me, let alone try to re-create what you think we once had.I understand my blunt response to your very long and passionate letter might make you upset, and if you dont want to write me again, I will understand. But I wanted to be honest with you. Whats the point if we lie now?Yours,NikkiP.S. I was very impressed with your finally reading many of the books on my American Lit. syllabus. Many students have also complained about the no vels being so depressing. Try Mark Twain. Huck Finn ends happily. You might like that one. But Ill tell you the same thing I tell my students when they complain about the depressing nature of American literature life is not a PG feel-good movie. solid life often ends badly, like our marriage did, Pat. And literature tries to document this reality, while showing us it is still possible for people to endure nobly. It sounds like you have endured very nobly since you returned to New Jersey, and I want you to know I admire that. I hope you are able to reinvent yourself and live out the rest of your life with a quiet sense of satisfaction, which is what I have been trying to do since we parted.

Jack Mapanje as an Imbongi.

HOW JACK MAPANJE FULFILLS THE ROLE OF AN IMBONGI- ON HIS ROYAL BLINDNESS PARAMOUNT party boss KWANGWALA. Africa is 1 of the worlds continents, having a unique physical make up of its own which comprises of some of the distinct features in the likes of mountains, lakes, falls and plains just to mention a few. It is from this setoff that one of the integral branches of literary productions particularly African literature sprouted.Practiced and expressed in the southern central nation of Malawi, African literature was used as a alikel in a fight for change and was used to question the monstrous attractorship of the Malawi nation which was being practiced by the wherefore countrys electric chair late Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda. Chirambo (2009 p1) highlights that the government of former president for life Dr. H. K. Banda and the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) in Malawi was a dictatorship that relied on coercion as well as mobilization of grassroots popular support and consent to maint ain itself in power for 30 years (19641994).It was this governance that gave birth to various self camouflaging writing styles, a point which Kerr (1987) agrees to by saying that writers formed a Malawian creative writing movement which used literary methods that frequently outwitted Banda and his ever vigilant formal and informal censors. Jack Mapanje, James Gibbs, Leroy Vail and Landeg White all give accounts of how writers managed to beat censorship. Using oral forms, new metaphors from Malawis indigenous languages, significative words, puns, and certain popular phrases, they managed to camouflage some of the critical literature for circulation without reprisal.Depicting such a writing style some of the writers emerged as messengers. These messengers in African literature are termed as Imbongis. This essay intends to bring to the fore how Jack Mapanje fulfills the business office of an imbongi through his writings basing its discussion on a common chord stanza poem On His Ro yal Blindness paramount Chief Kwangwala. Mapanje is one of Malawis renowned poets who suffered the hand of Kamuzus readership as he was detained without charge for almost four years mingled with September 1987 and May 1991.At the time of his arrest, Mapanje was serving as Chair of the English Department at Chancellor College of the University of Malawi. To this day the government has not given the unquestionable reasons for his detention (Chirambo 2009, p4). Writing in the time s of Kamuzuism a term assigned to symbolize Kamuzus oppressive acts, Mapanje secured the intent of an imbongi as his writings circulated against Kamuzus attractorship with criticism, divergence and at the same time cheering. Whereby these are some of the roles of a praise poet (an Imbongi).Mafeje(1967 p193) defines an imbongi as someone who lived in close proximity to the Chiefs swell Place and who accompanied the Chief on important occasions . His performances would be directed at the Chief, decryin g what was unworthy, praise what was worthy and even forecasting what was going to happen. Clearly, the Imbongis role was one that allowed for criticism . With reference to Mafejes definition then taking a closer look at Mapanjes title On His Royal Blindness Paramount Chief Kwangwala it can easily be assumed that the poet was describing the attractership of a chief whom the poet himself served as an imbongi.The title on the other hand is brandished with sarcasm as the poet has used the term blindness which represents the lost in direction of the leadership in discussion. This leadership can be equated to that of Kamuzu this is so as Banda regarded Malawi as one big village in which he was the paramount Chief, father, guardian, and protector of all people and went so far as to call Malawi, my family line . . . the whole nation, the tribe of Malawi (Chirambo 2001, p 226). This prompts us to earmark Kamuzu as the chief whos leadership the poet is trying to describe with sarcasm.In the opening stanza the poet is praising the chief by describing how the chief (Kamuzu) finds loyalty in the carried-awayness of his people not under the fact that they really are carried away but the chief has instilled in them a sense that he is their hero. This is the Same pump that those who lived in the Kamuzu era expressed and it was due to the fact that Kamuzu termed himself with all sorts of self praising names for example Banda was called Wamuyaya, meaning the immortal.The other reason for the unmerited praises was that Kamuzu ordered all women and girls to sing songs of praise where ever he was to visit and he named them Mbumba za Kamuzu meaning Kamuzus kidskinren. As an Imbongi the poet in the first two lines of the poem praising his chief but at the same time in the preceding four lines of the stanza the poet is expressing his bad feeling over how the chief talks to his people as he addresses.The poet has used the term golden breath which insinuates the importance of t he chiefs talks simultaneously criticizing him even more by calling the speeches breath wasting, this has been presented in irony in the line that says . Those impromptu, long-winded tirades of your might Thus Mapanje depicting the role of an imbongi. The second stanza is just a continuation ironic praise the poet is expressing towards the Chief to whom he is an imbongi. In the first lines of the stanza th poet is refuting the thinking that he is criticizing the chiefs powers which is exactly what he did in the first stanza.He manages to do this by admitting that him too is supposed to praise the leader and this has been developed in the lines that say I know I too must sing to such royal happiness And I am not arguing. To further show his devotion Mapanje describes the leaders might by talking about how those that questioned his power suffered, and this is praise in disguise making Mapanje to assume the role of an Imbongi. Mapanje brings up the issue of those that suffered Kamuzuis m as they questioned the leaders powers, as a away of showing up his might and at the same time exposing the dark parts of the leaders era.This has been brought up in the lines that say How dare I when we have scribbled our praises all over our graves? Which is a question that the poet has posed to mean how could he question the presidents leadership yet he knows that others have died because of doing the same. A point which in similar vain Steve Chimombo raised in his piece A Dead Song in which he picked animals in the likes of lizards and rats and described by saying they kept seeking refuge from time to time. In Chimombos context these homeless animals symbolized some of the politicians who went into exile and others who died mysteriously.Mapanje in the last lines of the second stanza is using the leaders ill-treatments for praise and implicitly unveiling the presidents monstrosity. Thereby fulfilling his role as an imbongi. In the third stanza Mapanje is proceeding with his cr iticism by bring out that he can not go against the presidents governance as he knows people have always done what ever they can to make the leader proud and he would not want to defy such a record. This is in the five lines that say Why should I quarrel when I too have known mask dancers Dancers making troubled journeys to the gold minesOn bare foot and bringing back fake European gadgets The broken pipes, torn coats, change integrity bowler hats, Dangling mirrors and rusty tin cans to make their dancing strange? Mapanje closes the last line by questioning if others did not die trying to entertain the president. This is to prove how inhuman the president was. In complete closure Mapanjes last stanza is in total refutation of his underlying criticism in the first three stanzas. He addresses the chief as His grace in sarcasm and refers to himself as just a child who is bored by the chiefs self-praising, long, meaningless and tedious speeches .Even though he throws such criticism is at the same time praising the chief in the lines that say I am only a child surprised how you broadly disparage Me shocked only by the tedium of your continuous palaver. I adore your majesty. The poet then goes on by reminding the leader that his leadership powers are time bound and will at some point in time come to an end, and this is in total rejection of the term that refers to the president as being immortal the poet has presented this as a simile.He is also making a wake up call to the nation by asking it as to when will it realize it is misled by old age that is being expressed by the president. This has been expressed by the poet in the lines that say But paramountcy is like a rain drop On a vast sea. Why should we wait for the children to Tell us about toothless gums or our showing flies. In destination Jack Mapanje as a poet he fulfills his role as an imbongi by using irony, sarcasm, similes, metaphors as poetic tools to camouflage his Kamuzuism challenging ideas whic h is one of the roles of a praise poet (Imbongi) .Despite highlighting the monstrosity of Kamuzus leadership, Mapanje at the same time praises the president. Thereby fulfilling his role as an Imbongi. REFERENCES. Chirambo, R. (2001) Protesting Politics of Death and Darkness in Malawi. Journal of Folklore Research 38. 3. Chirambo, R. (2009) Subverting Bandas Dictatorship in Malawi Orality as Counter-Discourse in Jack PDF. Chimombo, S. (1987) Napolo Poems. Zomba Manchichi Publishers. Kerr, D. (1987) Theater in Malawi, The Drama Review 31, Summer. Mafeje, A. (1967) The Role of the Bard in a modern African Community Journal of African Languages.

Sappho’s vs. Petrarch on the Body

Physical interaction is possibly the most intuitive emotion we have as a species. Sex and frame image are absurdly prominent in todays culture, and have been since the beginning of written history. Sexuality is only a cake rely though. What lies beneath the surface is where a persons true beauty rests. The poets Sappho and Petrarch are two very early writers that often focused on the human body, sexuality, and desire that in dissimilar routes. Sapphds body of work is a reaction and praise to the exterior beauty of many individuals.Petrarchs sonnets are a repeated effort to unearth the root of cleric beauty. Sapphds poems were more than direct and in a relatable way. The way the Greek poet discussed was with words of physical feelings and reactions to emotions. She compared an individual named Anactoria that she desired to the famoud Helen of Troy, whose beauty has been expressed doneout literature for a long, long time. although far away, / whose long-desired footstep, w hose radiant, sparkling face / I would rather see before me than the chariots / of Lydia or the armour of men / who fght wars on foot (Sappho 21).In this passage the Greek poet is longing for Anactoria, whom she once knew. In reminiscing about her Sappho recalls the way she walked, how her skin reacted to the light, and how she feels peaceful when she is around. Sappho is suggesting that ones beauty is partly contained in their body but also partly cogitate to how that body is used. The essence that the woman in her poem 21 exhibits is her true beauty. In one of her poems her feelings for a recently married friend read, and sweat pours mountain me and a trembling creeps over my whole body (Sappho 20).In most of, but especially this poem in particular, Sappho s expressing her bestial, sexual urges. She is not eer so lascivious. Often, the poet writes about more tragic subjects. In her poem 33 she describes her tender heart as heavy with grief(Sappho 33). Sappho is suggesting tha t the absence of one of her ex- delight inrs is physically weighing her down. She is playing with that feeling of tension in the chest that state tend to have in matters of deep-seated emotions. It is common to read Sappho and notice stress on the body in her descriptions of both grief and bliss.Later in her life, Sappho uses the same analogy of her heart to escribe herself as an old woman, My hearts grown heavy, my knees will not sustain me, that once on a time were fleet for the dance as fawns. It seems that her heart never grew lighter from her younger years, or even grew into a more intense perturb. Having access to so many of her works allows scholars to observe a development in the character Sappho. Her subject matter turns from delight in others, soft to dismay in their absence.What does not seem to change much is her approach of the subject matter. She still materializes her emotions in the form of the physical body in her posterior poems. Petrarch deals with his bodi ly desires in a different manner. His most famous series of poems are more or less descriptions of a woman Petrarch had much love for and now sne made him teel. This collection is known as the Canzoniere. Petrarchs sonnets focus more on the emotional side of his desires, while still using his body as a reference for the reader.In a selection from one of his sonnets, Petrarch writes, Love found me all disarmed and found the way / was clear to reach my heart down through the eyes / which have become the halls and doors of tears (Petrarch 3, 9-11). Once again, the heart is used as a catalyst to connect with the reader by communicating the desire the speaker has for this womans form. Her beauty is so amazing that Petrarch is subdued and begins to cry. Her image shocks him to the point his body too is affected by it.In another passage, The way she walked was not the way of mortals but of angelic forms, and when she spoke more than an earthly voice was that it sang (Petrarch 90, 9-11). Pe trarch puts the woman into a sacred light, comparing her to an immortal. Petrarchs generous praise of this woman, hough unrealistic, is an set about to formulate to the reader the divinity of his beloved Lauras unparalleled beauty. This woman is supposedly the epitome of beauty, or so Petrarch thinks, but what the numerous sonnets written about her are attempt to reveal is that beneath the beauty is only more beauty.Beauty on a level that cannot simply be written into words. Petrarch is suggesting that contrary to the popular belief at the time, a woman or any persons value does not lie in their physical beauty but the beauty of their essence and the purity of their soul. He was truly and deeply n love with this Laura woman and has made history in doing so. Under the lovely peace of her tranquil brows / those two faithful stars of mine so sparkle, / that no other light can inflame and guide / him who consigns himself to love nobly (Petrarch 160 5-8).In this verse, Petrarch begins to talk about the peace he sees in Lauras eyes, but then refers to those eyes as his own. Is he claiming ownership, or is he suggesting he sees himself? It seems that he is try to say that following the look of calm he sees in her eyes, and reciprocating that patience, he will eventually be led to a form of pure love. Both writers were making an attempt to get directly to the purest form of their private infatuations in terms of describing their beauty on paper.Petrarch by poeticizing and connecting with Lauras spiritual and emotional purity while striving to avoid the hang-ups of physical distraction, and Sappho by referring to both her sexual and emotional urges towards her lovers, describing them from the obvious exterior, down to the movement of hips whilst walking. The difference is that what Sappho writes is a result of her pure emotions for these other women, while Petrarch is striving to get to the roots of the emotion. He is trying to describe the divine spirit and essenc e of this lovely woman.Some would say this is disturbing behavior, while others see it as an eloquently written offering. He reaches to the core, where human desire draws from. He took what Sappho wrote to the next level. She was writing about how she felt in response to the core of feeling Petrarch tried to uncover. Her words often described her weariness and pain as a means to relate to her readers so they too could share in her agony. Other times what she would say connected to anther emotion most people are aware of. Passages describing sexual onvulsions could be related to be readers who have felt the same.These two early writers either ends of the same problem. Petrarch, trying to find the acknowledgment of human passion and Sappho describing how that same source of passion excited her, or got the best of her. Either way, these prominent historical fgures were using the body as a way to relate teeling and emotion to the reader. Petrarch, Francesco, and Mark Musa.

Case Study of Bata Ltd Essay

Bata Ltd. is a privately owned global enclothe catch up withr and retailer headquartered in Ontario, Canada. The conjunction is led by a third generation of the Bata family. With operations in 68 countries, Bata is organized into four duty units. Bata Canada, based in Toronto, serves the Canadian market with 250 stores. Based in Paris, Bata Europe serves the European market with 500 stores. With supervision located in Singapore, Bata International boasts 3,000 stores to serve markets in Africa, the Pacific, and Asia, Finally, Bata Latin America, operating out of Mexico City, sells footwear passim Latin America.All told, Bata owns more than than 4,700 retail stores and 46 production facilities. Total employment for the smart set exceeds 50,000. Company Founded in 1894 The Bata familys ties to clothemaking span more than two dozen generations and purportedly date as far back as 1580 to the small Czech village of Zlin. However, it was not until 1894 that the family began to mak e the transition from cobblers to industrialists. In that year, Tomas G. Bata, Sr. along with his br different Antonin and sister Anna, took 800 florins, some $350, inherited from their mother and launched a enclothemaking business. They rented a pair of rooms, acquired two sewing machines on an instalment plan, and paid for their leather and other materials with promissory notes. They produced stitched, coarse-woolen footwear. Within a year, the business was successful enough to enable the Batas to employ ten people in their factory, much(prenominal) as it was, as well as another forty who worked out of their own homes.In the same year, 1895, Antonin was drafted into the military and Anna quit the business to get married, forcing Tomas to fill complete control of the venture. He was notwithstanding 19 years old. In 1900, Bata moved the operation to a new grammatical construction located close to Zlins railway station and took the first major step in industrialization, instal ling steam-driven machines. The company enjoyed success producing light, linen footwear that appealed to a large portion of the population, who could not afford better-made leather garment.Nevertheless, Bata came close to bankruptcy on more than integrity occasion and concluded that in order for his business to survive he involve to find more efficient ways to small-armufacture and distribute shoes. In 1904, he and three employees took a trip to the United States to learn firsthand the ways of mass production. Bata spent six months working as a laborer on a shoe assembly line in New England. On his way back to Zlin, he to a fault took time to visit English and German factories.Upon his return home, Bata began to transform the family shoe business, not only by applying the current production techniqueswhich would one day earned him the moniker, the Henry Ford of the shoe industrybut also by finding a way to maintain the role of workers, which all too often changed dramatically during the transition from an artisan to an industrial approach to commerce. The Bata shoe business began to experience steady growth, so that by 1912 it was employing 600 full-time workers plus another few hundred who worked out of their homes in neighboring villages.Tomas Bata now began to exhibit another side to his personality, the social idealist. Because there was a shortage of housing in Zlin for his new workers, he constructed new homes, which he rented at cost. He also offered inexpensive meals in factory cafeterias and free medical exam care. He even built a new hospital to care for his workers. However, as soon as they began to earn higher incomes, area merchants raised prices. In answer, Tomas Bata opened his own less-expensive company stores to ensure that his employees were able to enjoy the fruits of their success.He also took steps to identify prudence talent among the ranks of his workers and instituted a training architectural plan that was ahead of its time. W orld War I Boot Contract a Turning Point Bata received a major boost in 1914, hobby the outbreak of World War I, when the company received a contract to produce boots for the Austro-Hungarian army. From the waste of these items, the company produced the uppers to a wooden shoe that it sold to the refuse classes.Tomas Bata then invested the profits in new machinery, as well as in the opening of new retail shops, so that the business was well positioned to gather up advantage of the economic boom of the 1920s. Before the company could enjoy this strong period of growth, however, Tomas Bata and his employees were forced to take a major gamble unitedly. In the years immediately following the end of World War I in 1918, an economic slump prevailed across the globe, leading to significant unemployment.Czechoslovakia, formed as fall apart of the peace settlement of World War I, attempted to fight inflation, which had already devastated Germany, by adopting tight monetary controls. As a result, the countrys notes lost three-quarters of its value, which in turn led to a drop in demand for products, a cutback in production, more unemployment, and even less consumer demanddevelopments that together threatened national economic devastation. In August 1922, a group of industrialists met to discuss their plight. Unlike the others, Tomas Bata did not simply throw up his hands and piece the organisation.Instead, he called on the industrialists to take decisive steps to stimulate market demand, and he shocked everyone by announcing that he was going to cut the price of Bata shoes in half. Once the surprise of the moment wore off, Batas audience simply laughed at him. Bata was able, however, to convince his workers that he had a plan, albeit a radical one, that would work. He believed that the company had to cut costs to the bone and work at peak efficiency in order to halve the price of Bata shoes. Workers, ignoring their union leadership, accepted a 40 percent reducti on in wages across the board.Tomas Bata, in turn, provided food, clothing, and other necessities at half-price to mitigate the loss of wages. In addition, he introduced measures that were pioneering, including the creation of someone profit centers and incentive payments to both solicitude and workers to spur productivity. With his operations lean and efficient, he then launched a national advertising campaign. The response from consumers was swift and dramatic, as Bata stores, which had been virtually empty for months, were now swamped with customers looking for inexpensive shoes.Bata was forced to increase production, and not only did the company maintain full employment, it began to hire. The decision to cut prices prove to be a turning point in the history of the company, which now grew at a tremendous pace. Tomas Bata act to innovate, improving on productivity mainly through the introduction of an assembly line approach. After five years, productivity improved 15-fold afte r ten, the retail price of Bata shoes dropped by 82 percent. The employees conviction in Tomas Bata was also rewarded. After accepting a severe wage cut in 1922, by 1932 they had seen their salaries doubled.They were now working for the largest shoemaker in the world. gibe to company lore, in fact, in some development countries bata gained currency where there was no word for shoe. Moreover, Bata became involved in a variety of other industries, including socks, leatherwork, chemicals employ in leather making, shoemaking machinery, wooden packing crates, tires and other rubber goods. The company launched its own film studio to produced advertising materials, and it soon evolved into a mature enterprise that produced some of the earliest animated films.Because of the companys involvement in transportation, as Bata became the worlds largest exporter of shoes, Tomas Bata even became involved in the manufacture of airplanes through the Zlin Air Company, which produced both sportin g and business planes. He also became famous for housing his headquarters in the tallest reinforced concrete office building in Europe, which featured an elevator that housed his floating office. With a push of a button, Bata was able to confer, and keep an eye on, his employees on every floor without leaving his desk.Bata set up operations in new markets, such as Singapore in 1930. The company, which in 1931 adopted a joint stock company form of organization, also established subsidiaries and shoe factories in a number of European countries as a way to circumvent tariffs that had been imposed in response to a ecumenical economic depression. In mid-1932, Tomas Bata called together his team of executives and announced that in order for the company to weather increasingly difficult economic conditions and drive further growth, they would restrain to look to more distant markets, in particular North America.Just two days later, however, Tomas Bata was killed when an airplane he was in took off in a thick fog and crashed into a chimney of one of his buildings. He was 56 years old. Bata go away a 22-year-old son, doubting Thomas J. Bata, whom he had groomed since childhood to one day head the business, but in the meantime Batas half-brother Jan took over and continued the mentoring process. It was Thomas Bata who was to be dispatched to North America, to which the company was already merchandise shoes, to establish a manufacturing operation.While most executives in the organization lobbied for the United States as the location for a plant, the young Bata was fixated on locating the business in Canada, a place he had romanticized since childhood after reading the works of Jack London. With the rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s, the importance of organizing a North American operation took on increasing importance, as the company now made plans to relocate its headquarters to the West. In March 1939, with Germany on the verge of invading his country, Thomas Bata fled to Canada along with 180 Czechoslovakians.After being granted permission from the Canadian government, he started up operations in Frankford, Ontario, taking over a actor Canadian Paper Company mill while a new factory was built. To aid in the Allied war effort, the company focused its personnel office and equipment on the production of anti-aircraft equipment and machines used to inspect ammunition. For his part, Jan Bata moved his headquarters to the United States, but when blacklisted by the Allies he was forced to relocate to Brazil.The Bata Shoe Organization, as it was called, was now split between uncle and nephew, resulting in an eventual contest for management control and ownership. Thomas Bata essentially prevailed in 1949, but the contest continued to be played out in the courts of numerous countries until the end of 1966. The return of Bata operations lost to the Nazis was short lived after World War II. In 1945, the communist government installed in Czechoslovaki a by the Soviet Union had nationalized the countrys industry, usurping the original Bata shoe factory in Zlin and the companys far-flung network of shops. make up Zlins name was changed, becoming known as Gottwaldov, a tribute to the countrys first communist chairwoman. ) Bata was further stripped of assets as other countries, including East Germany, Poland, and Yugoslavia, also nationalized their shoe industries. Now based in the West, Bata and its many Czechoslovakian expatriates began to rebuild the business, taking on an almost missionary zeal in the process. Rather than organizing in a centralized manner, the company established a structure based on autonomous operations, primarily in the new markets of developing countries.Also following the war, Thomas Bata married an aspiring architect named Sonja, a woman who would play an influential role in the success of the company, supplementing her husbands manufacturing and sales expertise with a sense of radiation diagram and style . By the mid-1950s, Bata was operating 56 factories in 46 countries. Thirty years later, Bata was in 115 countries, interchange close to $2 billion worth of footwear each year through 6,000 company-owned stores and 120,000 independent retailers. Bata Shoes Returns to the Czech Republic in 1991In the mid-seventies and 1980s, the manufacture of shoes began to shift increasingly to Pacific Rim countries, where lower labor costs provided a competitive edge that proved devastating to shoe companies around the world. With its widely cast operations and well-established distribution network, Bata was better able to compete, but it too suffered from a softening in its business. With the fall of communism in the late 1980s, Bata was able to return to the country where the family business was founded.The company was not able to resume ownership of its prior assets, which has been combined with other Czech shoe operations, nor did Bata wish to be encumbered with facilities that the communist s had neglected for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Thomas Bata was committed to establishing a business in his native country. After some study, the management team elected to focus on a retail distribution business and a modest manufacturing facility, one that was not part of the old Bata operation.A small factory established by the communist regime was found acceptable, and the company then selected a number of retail locations, which would total a 20 percent market share, and presented the government with a joint venture proposal that was accepted in late 1991. Thomas Bata, at the age of 80, elected to seclude in 1994. His son, Thomas Bata, Jr. , had been serving as president since 1985. According to The Globe and Mail, Thomas, Jr. took over at a time when the international shoe maker was experiencing heightened competition from strong global marketers.The movement toward free trade challenged its network of quasi-autonomous national companies. Mr. Bata tried to make changes, but insiders says he lost the nutriment of key members of the board. He was widely expected to succeed his father, but to the surprise of many, Stanley Heath, a Canadian with considerable executive experience with RJR Nabisco, took over as president and CEO to assume the day-to-day running of the business, while the younger Bata assumed the chairmanship, ostensibly charged with focusing on the big picture. He soon left the family business and moved to Switzerland. His father, with a reputation as an autocrat, was slated to become honorary chairman, but the post proved to be far from ceremonial, as he continued to be involved in the companys operations on a day-to-day basis and was not reticent about letting management know his opinions. Little more than a year after coming to Bata, Heath resigned for personal and family reasons. Taking over for Heath was a loyal company man, Rino Rizzo, who had been with the Bata organization since 1969.In 1999, Bata brought in Jim Pantelidis, a n executive who had no experience in the shoe industry, to assume the CEO position. Pantelidiss background was in retail gasolene sales, and during his career he had worked for one of Canadas largest chains, Petro-Canada Corporation. Pantelidis instituted a plan to develop regional shoe lines, as opposed to lines created for individual countries. In addition, he treasured to create economies of scale by building regional infrastructures. The goal was to use the regional infrastructures to position the Bata brand on a global basis.The tenure of Pantelidis lasted just two years. In late 2001, Thomas Bata, Jr. returned, gained control of the business, and was named chairman and CEO, while Pantelidis left to pursue other challenges. Bata began to reorganize the company, essentially running the business out of Switzerland. It remained to be seen if he would be able to succeed where outsiders had failed in the effort to transform Bata from a federation of stand-alone local subsidiaries into a very international company.Principal Subsidiaries Bata Canada Bata Europe Bata International Bata Latin America. Principal Competitors Footstar, Inc. Jimlar Corporation Payless ShoeSource, Inc. Product Profile Legendary quality, trend-setting styles, and a tradition of innovation that goes back to 1894. For more than 100 years, the Bata brand has offered the best shoe at the best price. With contemporary and classic styles, the Bata collection has shoes and accessories for active men and women who appreciate great design and understand the meaning of value.Everyday shoes that look good and feel even better nobody knows shoes better than Bata. Bata Ambassador Combining Italian design with handcrafted detail and the highest quality leather, Batas premium Ambassador brand sets the standard for European footwear. And its trend-setting style doesnt sacrifice comfort. The Ambassador offers a tensile genuine leather upper, a leather lining to absorb moisture, and a polyurethane sole for a firm grip. A contemporary classic for the man who knows where hes going.Combining great-looking style and design with the latest technology, Bata Benefit offers the ultimate in healthful comfort for men and women. Developed at Batas Shoe Innovation Centre in Europe, the Benefit collection breaks new ground in shoe design, exceeding the expectations of even the most discriminating customers. From brassy and casual to elegant and formal, From Bata Flexible, Bata Antistatic to Bata Air System, all Benefit shoes are made with high-quality leather and Batas trademark precision.

Breaking Down the Doors of Society

Society as we know it today has diversenessd day by day as the world well-nigh us advances in many different ways. Advancements in science, technology, education, politics, human rights and many other argonas have led to the arouses of culture in inn to mold what we severalise society as today. Over the next 37 years, by year 2050, I foresee many transforms that go away occur that impart impact society signifi after parttly. I think a few changes that go away cause the culture changes will be the Affordable apportion Act, the raises that are going to retort place in the stripped wage, but nigh importantly, I believe society is going to take a shift for progressive and accepting views. First of all, a hot topic today and a conversation that will be occurring over the next 30 years will be health bring off in the united States and in the entire world. In my opinion, the changes that we are going to see take place in the United States low the Patient Protection and Affor dable Care Act are going to be numerous.Not only will in that respect be plenty of changes behind the scenes with insurance companies and lath care providers, but in that respect will be a study culture change in America as we see these changes take place. I believe this repayable to the point that since an estimated cv million Americans will no endless have lifetime dollar limits on their coverage and that 17. 6 million pip-squeakren will no longer be denied coverage due to pre-existing conditions, then individuals and families will no longer, hopefully, be driven into poverty due to medical bills that they can non handle.Additionally, due to the fact that plurality will be covered and be able to have preventative care, then I hope to see hat people will no longer be flooding the emergency rooms whenever they get sick, which the taxpayer previously had to foot the bill. Moreover, there are many great changes that will take place, but the most visible changes, in my opinion, are going to be the cultural ones.First, I believe that with the new extension that children will be able to stay under their parents coverage until the age of 26, then I believe that will create some major stress relief on young adults trying to clear college educations and establish their careers. Not only that, but it may create a sort of extended adolescence that we normally saw up until the age of 22 or so, but now that may change to about 25 or 26. Finally, I feel the major cultural shift that the new health care law will create is that people will no longer be belittled or embarrassed to seek health care that they cannot afford.Additionally, due to the education that many people learned about their struggling counterparts, they will begin to respect and care for their less fortunate counterparts since many Americans learned that there re way more people struggling to afford basic health care than there should be. Secondly, I believe that a major change is in order now that the federal minimum wage is receiving heavy criticism. Now that people in the United States are beginning to see and take how terrible life is as a minimum wage worker, a culture change is already occurring.People across all walks of life rich, poor, liberal, conservative, religious and non-religious like are beginning to support a raise to the federal minimum wage out of the care and sympathy they all have for the nations resorts families. The major changes that can take place if the federal minimum wage was changed to nine or ten dollars an hour would be exceedingly significant, in my opinion. Not only will the estimated 3. 8 million workers that were paid at or below the federal minimum wage see relief in their daily lives, but to a fault the poverty level will decrease.Based on the new money that will be injected into the economy, businesses will be more profitable, hiring could increase, and the government will collect more in taxes from workers who now live above the povert y line and from reparations. Furthermore, there will be a radical shift in Americas poor. Less people will be reliant on federal programs such as SNAP and WICK and less people will have a disapprove attitude towards the nations poor who rely on these programs and are, unfortunately, seen as moochers or leaches. The final and most important culture change that I believe is going to take place by the year 2050 will be the major progressive and accepting shift in individuals attitudes. What I mean by this is that people passim the world are going to begin to accept everyone no tater their walk of life. Less and less people are going to be feeling down upon the poor, minorities, women in the workplace, atheists, homosexuals and other less mainstream lifestyles. I feel like this shift is already taking place today, but we are seeing major resistance that I believe is going to end over the next decade or two.Personally, I feel that individuals who desire to break the social norms are go ing to have more courage to do so since an increasing number of people will be supportive of their lives. For instance, more women will be seeking political and business oriented Jobs, homosexuals will no longer try to hide their true identities from their families, people will stop using stereotypes and unsavoury names, all religions will be accepted no matter their history and many other great changes. Moreover, families will no longer push their child towards social norms, in my outlook.Families will be closer, in my estimation, for a couple of reasons parents will accept their children no longer who they desire to grow up to be, bigoted ideas will no longer tear families apart based on who they marry and children will be less likely to dislike their parents u to the fact that they will no longer be pushed to forget their dream and pursue a social norm. Also, I feel like these progressive shifts will sensation too frequently smaller schism in society that disapproves of these lifestyles and way of thinking.Those that disapprove of equal marriage, interracial marriage, atheism, Islam, and many other things will be cut down to a much smaller population since others will begin to see that loving and caring for each other is most important. Lastly, I believe that this change that is taking place in more developed countries will begin to take place wrought the world, which will make the world a much better place to live in, especially in developing nations.I believe this due to the fact that people will no longer be not allowed to have Jobs based on gender, sexual orientation, race or anything else not related to work. Additionally, countries may begin to stop having laws against freedom of religion or homosexuality. every in all, I believe the sky is the limit for equality and open-mindedness in the world based on the progressive shifts in the eyes of the people.All in all, although there are many culture changes that are going to take place by the year 20 50, I believe health care, the minimum wage, and the progressive shift in opinions will be the most important. Not only will these changes improve the lives of many in America and the world, but also I believe the progressive shift that is taking place already will begin to take place in a large population of people, to the relief of many. I believe that equality of everyone will become a priority, like it shouldve been forever, and by 2050 1 think it will happen.

Text Linguistics

TEXT LINGUISTICS Structure As a science of textbookual matter, text linguistics describes or explains among distinct types of text the * Sh ard features * Distinct features Text linguistics is the study of how texts function in human inter march. Beaugrande and Dressler define a text as a communicatory occurrence which meets seven standards of textuality Cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, Acceptability, Informativity, Situationality and Intertextuality, without any of which the text will non be communicative.Non-communicative texts are treated as non-texts. 4 edit Cohesion Surface texts are the exact words that people see or hear. Cohesion concerns the shipway in which the comp mavinnts of the protrude text are connected within a sequence. Grammatical forms and conventions are adhered to by surface comp iodinents and therefore cohesiveness rests upon grammatical dependencies. The grammatical dependencies in surface texts are major signals for select out meanings and uses. Cohesion encompasses all of the functions that bathroom be used to signal relations among surface elements. SLOWCARS HELD UP such(prenominal)(prenominal) a text can be carve upd up into various dependencies. Someone might find out it as a notice about slow cars that are held up, so that conclusions could be raddled about the need to drive fast to avoid being held up. However, it is more same(p)ly for one to divide the text into slow and cars held up, so that drivers will drive slowly to avoid accidents or make alternative routes to avoid being caught in the slow traffic.A science of text should explain how ambiguities such as this are possible, as well as how they are precluded or resolved without much difficulty. For efficient confabulation to take place there must be interaction mingled with cohesion and other standards of textuality because the surface alone is not decisive. edit Coherence Coherence concerns the ways in which concepts and relations, which underlie the s urface text, are linked, relevant and used, to achieve efficient communication. A concept is a cognitive subject area which can be retrieved or triggered with a high degree of consistency in the mind * Relations are the links between concepts within a text, with for each one link identified with the concept that it connects to Surface texts may not unendingly express relations plainly therefore people supply as many relations as are needed to make sense out of any finicky text. In the example of the pathway sign SLOW CARS HELD UP, cars is an object concept and held up an action concept, and the cars are the link to held up.Therefore, slow is more likely to be interpreted as a motion than as the hasten at which cars are travelling. Types of relations include I. Causality Itsy Bitsy spider climbing up the spout. Down came the come waste and process the spider out The event of raining causes the event of washing the spider out because it earns the prerequisite conditions for the latter without the rain, the spider will not be washed out. II. Enablement Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall, Humpty Dumpty had a owing(p) fall The action of sitting on the wall created the sufficient but not necessary conditions for the action of falling down.Sitting on a wall makes it possible but not obligatory for falling down to occur. III. Reason Jack shall clear but a penny a day because he cant work any faster In contrast to the rain which causes Itsy Bitsy spider to be washed out, the slow working does not actually cause or enable the low profit. Instead, the low wage is a campaignable outcome reason is used to term actions that occur as a shrewd response to a previous event. IV. mathematical function Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard to get her poor dog a bone In contrast to Humpty Dumptys action of sitting on the wall which enables the action of falling down, there is a plan involved here Humpty Dumpty did not sit on the wall so that it could fall dow n but Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard so that she could get a bone. Purpose is used to term events that are planned to be made possible via a previous event. V. condemnation Cause, Enablement and Reason suck forward directionality with the forward event causing, enabling or providing reason for the later event. Purpose, however, has a backward directionality as the later event provides the purpose for the earlier event. More than just a feature of texts, coherence is also the outcome of cognitive processes among text users. The likeness and proximity of events in a text will trigger operations which recover or create coherence relations. The Queen of Hearts, she made some tartsThe Knave of Hearts, he stole the tarts The King of Hearts, called for the tarts In the explicit text, there is a set of actions (making, stealing and calling) the only relations presented are the agent and the affected entity of each action.However, a text receiver is likely to assume that the locations of all three events are close to one another as well as occur in a continuous and relatively presently time frame. One might also assume that the actions are meant to signal the attributes of the agents the Queen is skilled in cooking, the Knave is dishonest and the King is authoritative. As such, coherence encompasses inferencing based on ones familiarity. For a text to make sense, there has to be interaction between ones accumulated association and the text-presented knowledge.Therefore, a science of texts is probabilistic instead of deterministic, that is, inferences by users of any particular text will be similar most of the time instead of all of the time. Most text users have a super C core of cognitive composition, engagement and process such that their interpretations of texts through sensing are similar to what text senders intend them to be. Without cohesion and coherence, communication would be slowed down and could break down altogether. Cohesion and cohere nce are text-centred notions, designating operations directed at the text materials. edit IntentionalityIntentionality concerns the text producers attitude and intentions as the text producer uses cohesion and coherence to attain a goal specified in a plan. Without cohesion and coherence, intended goals may not be achieved due to a breakdown of communication. However, depending on the conditions and concomitants in which the text is used, the goal may still be attained even when cohesion and coherence are not upheld. Want I carry you on my back? Even though cohesion is not kept up(p) in this example, the text producer still succeeds in achieving the goal of finding out if the text receiver wanted a piggyback. edit Acceptability Acceptability concerns the text receivers attitude that the text should personify useful or relevant details or information such that it is worth accepting. Text type, the desirability of goals and the political and sociocultural setting, as well as co hesion and coherence are important in influencing the acceptability of a text. Text producers often speculate on the receivers attitude of acceptability and present texts that maximizes the probability that the receivers will respond as desired by the producers.For example, texts that are open to a wide range of interpretations, such as Call us before you dig. You may not be able to afterwards, require more inferences about the related consequences. This is more effective than an explicit discrepancy of the message that informs receivers the full consequences of digging without calling because receivers are left with a large amount of distrust as to the consequences that could leave behind this plays to the risk averseness of people. edit Informativity Informativity concerns the extent to which the contents of a text are already know or expected as compared to unknown or unexpected.No matter how expected or predictable content may be, a text will always be informative at least to a certain degree due to unforeseen variability. The processing of highly informative text demands greater cognitive ability but at the same time is more interesting. The level of informativity should not exceed a point such that the text becomes too complicated and communication is endangered. Conversely, the level of informativity should also not be so low that it results in boredom and the rejection of the text. edit Situationality Situationality concerns the factors which make a text relevant to a situation of occurrence.The situation in which a text is exchanged influences the comprehension of the text. There may be different interpretations with the road sign SLOWCARS HELD UP However, the most likely interpretation of the text is obvious because the situation in which the text is presented provides the context which influences how text receivers interpret the text. The group of receivers (motorists) who are required to provide a particular action will find it more reasonable to assume that slow requires them to slow down earlier than referring to the speed of the cars that are ahead.Pedestrians can tell easily that the text is not directed towards them because varying their speeds is unimportant and irrelevant to the situation. In this way, the situation decides the sense and use of the text. Situationality can affect the means of cohesion little cohesive text may be more abstract than more cohesive text depending on the situation. If the road sign was Motorists should reduce their speed and proceed slowly because the vehicles ahead are held up by road works, therefore proceeding at too high a speed may result in an accident, every possible doubt of intended receivers and intention would be removed.However, motorists only have a very short amount of time and attention to focus on and react to road signs. Therefore, in such a case, economical use of text is much more effective and appropriate than a fully cohesive text. edit Intertextuality Intertex tuality concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered text.If a text receiver does not have prior knowledge of a relevant text, communication may break down because the understanding of the current text is obscured. Texts such as parodies, rebuttals, forums and classes in school, the text producer has to refer to prior texts while the text receivers have to have knowledge of the prior texts for communication to be efficient or even occur. In other text types such as puns, for example Time flies like an arrow fruit flies like a banana, there is no need to refer to any other text.

Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source

A Secondary character The Science of Electricity How Electricity is Generated/Made The Transformer Moving Electricity Measuring Electricity competency reck iodinnessr links page recent statistics A SECONDARY SOURCE Electricity is the f humble of galvanisingal corefulness or fight. It is a secondary energy stem which means that we play it from the conversion of separate sources of energy, interchangeable coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear force-out and other(a) natural sources, which be called primary sources. The energy sources we use to steel electrical energy piece of tail be renewable or non-renewable, but electrical energy itself is neither renewable or non-renewable.Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely utilise forms of energy. many another(prenominal) cities and towns were built alongside peeingfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electrical energy generation began ov er 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were change by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklins experiment with a kite one stormy shadow in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood.Thomas Edison helped change everyones life he perfected his invention the electric sporty bulb. Prior to 1879, govern current (DC) electricity had been utilize in arc lights for break throughdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which ignore be transmitted over much niftyer distances than direct current. Teslas inventions apply electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. Despite its great greatness in our daily lives, most of us r arly stop to think what life would be handle without electricity.Yet like air and water, we tend to take electrici ty for granted. all(prenominal)day, we use electricity to do many jobs for us from lighting and fomenting/cooling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the applications of heat, light and power. THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY developed by the National Energy statement ripening Project In order to understand how electric charge moves from one subdivision to another, we affect to know something about atoms. Everything in the universe is made of atomsevery star, every tree, every animal.The human eubstance is made of atoms. Air and water are, too. Atoms are the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin ar ound the nucleus in shells a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball, the atom would be the size of the Empire advance Building.Atoms are mostly empty space. If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a comminuted center of balls surrounded by giant invisible bubbles (or shells). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly spin around and pathetic to stay as far away from from each one other as possible. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force. The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both carry an electrical charge. An electrical charge is a force within the particle. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a ostracise charge (-).The positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges attract each other. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry n o charge and their number keister vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons.Every atom of carbon has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually remain a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell contiguous to the nucleus can drive dickens electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even much. near atoms with many protons can have as many as seven shells with electrons in them. The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a ardent force of attraction to the protons. Sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not.These electrons can be buttoned out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These go electrons are electricity. STATIC ELECTRICITY Electricity has been moving in the world forever. Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one cloud to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground. Have you ever matte up a shock when you touched an object after walking across a carpet? A stream of electrons jumped to you from that object. This is called static electricity. Have you ever made your vibrissa stand straight up by rubbing a balloon on it?If so, you rubbed some electrons off the balloon. The electrons moved into your hair from the balloon. They tried to get far away from each other by moving to the ends of your hair. They pushed against each other and made your hair movethey repelled each other. Just as opposite charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetic field. Most objects ar e not magnetic because the atoms are arranged so that the electrons spin in different, random directions, and cancel out each other.Magnets are different the molecules in magnets are arranged so that the electrons spin in the same(p) direction. This arrangement of atoms creates deuce poles in a magnet, a conglutinationseeking pole and a South-seeking pole. Bar Magnet A magnet is labeled with North (N) and South (S) poles. The magnetic force in a magnet flows from the North pole to the South pole. This creates a magnetic field around a magnet. Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They dont act like most objects. If you try to push the South poles together, they repel each other. Two North poles also repel each other.Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles are attracted to each other. The magnets come together with a strong force. Just like protons and electrons, opposites attract. These special properties of magnets can be used to make electri city. Moving magnetic field can pull and push electrons. Some metals, like copper have electrons that are loosely held. They can be pushed from their shells by moving magnets. Magnets and cable are used together in electric generators. BATTERIES pee-pee ELECTRICITY A battery produces electricity exploitation two different metals in a chemical solution.A chemical reaction between the metals and the chemicals frees more electrons in one metal than in the other. single end of the battery is habituated to one of the metals the other end is attached to the other metal. The end that frees more electrons develops a positive charge and the other end develops a negative charge. If a wire is attached from one end of the battery to the other, electrons flow through the wire to balance the electrical charge. A make full is a contrivance that does work or performs a job. If a loadsuch as a lightbulbis placed along the wire, the electricity can do work as it flows through the wire.In the picture above, electrons flow from the negative end of the battery through the wire to the lightbulb. The electricity flows through the wire in the lightbulb and back to the battery. ELECTRICITY TRAVELS IN CIRCUITS Electricity travels in closed loops, or circuits (from the book of account circle). It must have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the electrons cannot flow. When we summerset on a light assemble, we close a circuit. The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit.No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motorsin washers or mixers. Electricity does a serve of work for us. We use it many times each day. HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagneta magnet produced by electricitynot a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft. When the electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of the wire coil.Each section of the wire becomes a small, disclose electric conductor. The small currents of individual sections are added together to form one large current. This current is the electric power that is transmitted from the po wer company to the consumer. An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to generate electricity. Steam turbines, internal conflagration engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.Most power plants are about 35 percent efficient. That means that for every 100 units of energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to usable electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in locomote turbines. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against which steamer is forced, thus rotating the shaft connected to the generator. In a fossil-fueled steam turbine, the fuel is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produc e steam.Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are burned in large furnaces to heat water to make steam that in turn pushes on the blades of a turbine. Did you know that most electricity generated in the United State comes from burning coal? In 2007, nearly half (48. 5%) of the countrys 4. 1 trillion kilowatthours of electricity used coal as its source of energy. Natural gas, in addition to existence burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate electricity.Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in mellow demand. In 2007, 21. 6% of the nations electricity was fueled by natural gas. Petroleum can also be used to make steam to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate about two percent (2%) of all electricity generated in U. S. electricity plants in 2007. Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process called nuclear fission.In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched atomic number 92. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a chain reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate 19. 4% of all the countrys electricity in 2007. Hydropower, the source for 5. % of U. S. electricity generation in 2007, is a process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic types of hydroelectric systems that produce elec tricity. In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turbine blades to drive the generator to produce electricity. In the second system, called run-of-river, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity.Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried below the surface of the earth. In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat electron tube water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the country in 2007. Solar power is derived from the energy of the temperateness. However, the suns energy is not available regular and it is widely scattered. The processes used to produce electricity using the suns energy have historically been more pricey than usin g conventional fossil fuels.Photovoltaic conversion generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar-thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines. In 2007, less than 1% of the nations electricity was based on solar power. Wind power is derived from the conversion of the energy contained in wind into electricity. Wind power, less than 1% of the nations electricity in 2007, is a rapidly growing source of electricity. A wind turbine is similar to a typical wind mill.Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste (garbage), and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and wheat straw. These are some other energy sources for producing electricity. These sources replace fossil fuels in the boiler. The combustion of wood and waste creates steam that is typically used in conventional steam-electric plants. Biomass accounts for about 1% of the electricity generated in the United States. THE TRAN SFORMER MOVING ELECTRICITY To pull in the problem of sending electricity over long distances, William Stanley developed a device called a transformer.The transformer allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses placed far from the electric generating plant. The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer, which changes electricity from low electric potential to high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more efficiently using high voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substations have transformers that change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage electricity.From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to homes, offices and factories, which require low voltage electricity. MEASURING ELECTRICITY Electricity is mensural in units of power called watts. It was named to honor James W att, the inventor of the steam engine. One watt is a very small amount of power. It would require nearly 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts. A kilowatthour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000 watts working for one hour. The amount of electricity a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of time is measured in kilowatthours (kWh).Kilowatthours are determined by multiplying the number of kWs required by the number of hours of use. For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb 5 hours a day, you have used 200 watthours, or 0. 2 kilowatthours, of electrical energy. See our Energy Calculator section to learn more about converting units. Last Revised whitethorn 2009 Sources Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2008 . The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2007.