Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source

A Secondary character The Science of Electricity How Electricity is Generated/Made The Transformer Moving Electricity Measuring Electricity competency reck iodinnessr links page recent statistics A SECONDARY SOURCE Electricity is the f humble of galvanisingal corefulness or fight. It is a secondary energy stem which means that we play it from the conversion of separate sources of energy, interchangeable coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear force-out and other(a) natural sources, which be called primary sources. The energy sources we use to steel electrical energy piece of tail be renewable or non-renewable, but electrical energy itself is neither renewable or non-renewable.Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely utilise forms of energy. many another(prenominal) cities and towns were built alongside peeingfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electrical energy generation began ov er 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were change by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklins experiment with a kite one stormy shadow in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood.Thomas Edison helped change everyones life he perfected his invention the electric sporty bulb. Prior to 1879, govern current (DC) electricity had been utilize in arc lights for break throughdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which ignore be transmitted over much niftyer distances than direct current. Teslas inventions apply electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. Despite its great greatness in our daily lives, most of us r arly stop to think what life would be handle without electricity.Yet like air and water, we tend to take electrici ty for granted. all(prenominal)day, we use electricity to do many jobs for us from lighting and fomenting/cooling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the applications of heat, light and power. THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY developed by the National Energy statement ripening Project In order to understand how electric charge moves from one subdivision to another, we affect to know something about atoms. Everything in the universe is made of atomsevery star, every tree, every animal.The human eubstance is made of atoms. Air and water are, too. Atoms are the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin ar ound the nucleus in shells a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball, the atom would be the size of the Empire advance Building.Atoms are mostly empty space. If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a comminuted center of balls surrounded by giant invisible bubbles (or shells). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly spin around and pathetic to stay as far away from from each one other as possible. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force. The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both carry an electrical charge. An electrical charge is a force within the particle. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a ostracise charge (-).The positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges attract each other. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry n o charge and their number keister vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons.Every atom of carbon has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually remain a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell contiguous to the nucleus can drive dickens electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even much. near atoms with many protons can have as many as seven shells with electrons in them. The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a ardent force of attraction to the protons. Sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not.These electrons can be buttoned out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These go electrons are electricity. STATIC ELECTRICITY Electricity has been moving in the world forever. Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one cloud to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground. Have you ever matte up a shock when you touched an object after walking across a carpet? A stream of electrons jumped to you from that object. This is called static electricity. Have you ever made your vibrissa stand straight up by rubbing a balloon on it?If so, you rubbed some electrons off the balloon. The electrons moved into your hair from the balloon. They tried to get far away from each other by moving to the ends of your hair. They pushed against each other and made your hair movethey repelled each other. Just as opposite charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetic field. Most objects ar e not magnetic because the atoms are arranged so that the electrons spin in different, random directions, and cancel out each other.Magnets are different the molecules in magnets are arranged so that the electrons spin in the same(p) direction. This arrangement of atoms creates deuce poles in a magnet, a conglutinationseeking pole and a South-seeking pole. Bar Magnet A magnet is labeled with North (N) and South (S) poles. The magnetic force in a magnet flows from the North pole to the South pole. This creates a magnetic field around a magnet. Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They dont act like most objects. If you try to push the South poles together, they repel each other. Two North poles also repel each other.Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles are attracted to each other. The magnets come together with a strong force. Just like protons and electrons, opposites attract. These special properties of magnets can be used to make electri city. Moving magnetic field can pull and push electrons. Some metals, like copper have electrons that are loosely held. They can be pushed from their shells by moving magnets. Magnets and cable are used together in electric generators. BATTERIES pee-pee ELECTRICITY A battery produces electricity exploitation two different metals in a chemical solution.A chemical reaction between the metals and the chemicals frees more electrons in one metal than in the other. single end of the battery is habituated to one of the metals the other end is attached to the other metal. The end that frees more electrons develops a positive charge and the other end develops a negative charge. If a wire is attached from one end of the battery to the other, electrons flow through the wire to balance the electrical charge. A make full is a contrivance that does work or performs a job. If a loadsuch as a lightbulbis placed along the wire, the electricity can do work as it flows through the wire.In the picture above, electrons flow from the negative end of the battery through the wire to the lightbulb. The electricity flows through the wire in the lightbulb and back to the battery. ELECTRICITY TRAVELS IN CIRCUITS Electricity travels in closed loops, or circuits (from the book of account circle). It must have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the electrons cannot flow. When we summerset on a light assemble, we close a circuit. The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit.No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motorsin washers or mixers. Electricity does a serve of work for us. We use it many times each day. HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagneta magnet produced by electricitynot a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft. When the electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of the wire coil.Each section of the wire becomes a small, disclose electric conductor. The small currents of individual sections are added together to form one large current. This current is the electric power that is transmitted from the po wer company to the consumer. An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to generate electricity. Steam turbines, internal conflagration engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.Most power plants are about 35 percent efficient. That means that for every 100 units of energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to usable electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in locomote turbines. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against which steamer is forced, thus rotating the shaft connected to the generator. In a fossil-fueled steam turbine, the fuel is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produc e steam.Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are burned in large furnaces to heat water to make steam that in turn pushes on the blades of a turbine. Did you know that most electricity generated in the United State comes from burning coal? In 2007, nearly half (48. 5%) of the countrys 4. 1 trillion kilowatthours of electricity used coal as its source of energy. Natural gas, in addition to existence burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate electricity.Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in mellow demand. In 2007, 21. 6% of the nations electricity was fueled by natural gas. Petroleum can also be used to make steam to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate about two percent (2%) of all electricity generated in U. S. electricity plants in 2007. Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process called nuclear fission.In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched atomic number 92. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a chain reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate 19. 4% of all the countrys electricity in 2007. Hydropower, the source for 5. % of U. S. electricity generation in 2007, is a process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic types of hydroelectric systems that produce elec tricity. In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turbine blades to drive the generator to produce electricity. In the second system, called run-of-river, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity.Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried below the surface of the earth. In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat electron tube water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the country in 2007. Solar power is derived from the energy of the temperateness. However, the suns energy is not available regular and it is widely scattered. The processes used to produce electricity using the suns energy have historically been more pricey than usin g conventional fossil fuels.Photovoltaic conversion generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar-thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines. In 2007, less than 1% of the nations electricity was based on solar power. Wind power is derived from the conversion of the energy contained in wind into electricity. Wind power, less than 1% of the nations electricity in 2007, is a rapidly growing source of electricity. A wind turbine is similar to a typical wind mill.Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste (garbage), and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and wheat straw. These are some other energy sources for producing electricity. These sources replace fossil fuels in the boiler. The combustion of wood and waste creates steam that is typically used in conventional steam-electric plants. Biomass accounts for about 1% of the electricity generated in the United States. THE TRAN SFORMER MOVING ELECTRICITY To pull in the problem of sending electricity over long distances, William Stanley developed a device called a transformer.The transformer allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses placed far from the electric generating plant. The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer, which changes electricity from low electric potential to high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more efficiently using high voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substations have transformers that change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage electricity.From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to homes, offices and factories, which require low voltage electricity. MEASURING ELECTRICITY Electricity is mensural in units of power called watts. It was named to honor James W att, the inventor of the steam engine. One watt is a very small amount of power. It would require nearly 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts. A kilowatthour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000 watts working for one hour. The amount of electricity a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of time is measured in kilowatthours (kWh).Kilowatthours are determined by multiplying the number of kWs required by the number of hours of use. For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb 5 hours a day, you have used 200 watthours, or 0. 2 kilowatthours, of electrical energy. See our Energy Calculator section to learn more about converting units. Last Revised whitethorn 2009 Sources Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2008 . The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2007.